Quagga is a software routing suite which provides implementations of various routing protocols for UNIX based platforms. It supports implementations of RIP, OSPF and BGP version 4. Path-exploration damping is one possible approach to filter out the path hunting phenomenon in BGP, in which a single prefix withdrawal event at the original announcement’s origin may generate a large volume of subse...

More specifically, this document defines a new BGP capability, Fouroctet AS Number Capability, that can be used by a BGP speaker to indicate its support for the four-octet AS numbers. Two new attributes, AS4_PATH and AS4_AGGREGATOR, are introduced that can be used to propagate four-octet based AS path information across BGP speakers that do not support the four-octet AS numbers. This document a...

Based on defined User-to-Network Interconnection (UNI) as well as Network-to-Network Interconnection (NNI) types various interconnection modes are practicable. These modes allow a further description of interconnection models as well as architecture models including interconnection functions and related interfaces. Topics covered in this article comprise functional entities and related interfac...

Introduction: The purpose of beading & boxing of an impression is to obtain an accurate cast with proper border & base thickness for fabrication of restorations. Beading is the protection of the formed border thickness of the final impressions & Boxing of an impression is building up vertical walls around it. Aim: The purpose of this hybrid technique of beading and boxing is to produce a smooth...

With the increased growth of the Internet, the number of customers using BGP4 has grown significantly. RFC1930 outlines a set of guidelines for when one needs and should use an AS. However, the customer and service provider (ISP) are left with a problem as a result of this in that while there is no need for an allocated AS under the guidelines, certain conditions make the use of BGP4 a very pra...

The addition of structure allows the usage of policy based on the application for which the community value will be used. For example, one can filter out all communities of a particular type, or allow only certain values for a particular type of community. It also allows one to specify whether a particular community is transitive or non-transitive across an Autonomous System (AS) boundary. With...

More specifically, this document defines a new BGP capability, Fouroctet AS Number Capability, that can be used by a BGP speaker to indicate its support for the four-octet AS numbers. Two new attributes, AS4_PATH and AS4_AGGREGATOR, are introduced that can be used to propagate four-octet based AS path information across BGP speakers that do not support the four-octet AS numbers. This document a...

In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic of 2003 and the influenza pandemic of 2009, many countries instituted border measures as a means of stopping or slowing the spread of disease. The measures, usually consisting of a combination of border entry/exit screening, quarantine, isolation, and communications, were resource intensive, and modeling and observational stud...

1. Definitions 2. Current and Continuing Concerns of Health and Development in Border Areas 2.1. The universal neglect and marginalization of border areas, border communities and border crossers impact communities beyond the borders. 2.2. Borders are crucial entry points for communicable diseases which, if not properly managed, would affect the country’s population significantly. 2.3 Border com...

Feedback controls that stabilize border collision bifurcations are designed for piecewise smooth systems undergoing border collision bifurcations. The paper begins with a summary of the main results on border collision bifurcations, and proceeds to a study of stabilization of these bifurcations for one-dimensional systems using both static and dynamic feedback. The feedback can be applied on on...