BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type A is a first-line treatment for post-stroke focal spasticity, and the accuracy in delivering the toxin to the target muscles may influence the treatment outcome. Our aim was to compare the reduction of spasticity and the related finger position at rest improvement in post-stroke patients treated with botulinum toxin type A in upper limb muscles using ultrasound g...

Botulinum toxin type A has been used clinically for the prophylaxis and treatment of various types of primary headache disorders for over 15 years. Several studies have been performed to demonstrate its mechanism of its effect. There is adequate data to support the idea that; beside its well-known effect on acetylcholine release, an additional antinociceptive effect related to a possible block ...

The upper and lower eyelids are traditionally contraindicated for subcutaneous botulinum toxin A (BTX) injection because of possible complications. We assessed the clinical safety and effectiveness of nonablative fractional laser (NAFL) combined with transdermal delivery of BTX in the treatment of periocular wrinkles. Thirty patients who had periocular wrinkles were treated with 1,565-nm NAFL i...

Despite the favorable outcomes seen using botulinum toxin (BTX) for voiding dysfunction using BTX, a standardized technique and protocol for toxin injection is not defined. We reviewed the current literature on intravesical BTX injection for DO (detrusor overactivity). Specific attention was placed on defining optimal injection protocol, including dose, volume, and injection sites. In addition,...

Botulinum toxin is a new method for treating masseteric hypertrophy, which offers many advantages over conventional surgical treatment. We describe the successful outpatient medical management of two patients with masseteric hypertrophy using botulinum toxin type A. No significant side effects occurred and the patients were satisfied cosmetically six months after the treatment.

OBJECTIVES Evaluate upper limb performance in adults receiving botulinum toxin-A injections for upper limb spasticity using Dynamic Computerised Hand Dynamometry and current clinical measures. DESIGN Pre-test/post-test clinical intervention study. SUBJECTS/PATIENTS Twenty-eight participants with spasticity following acquired brain injury. METHODS Botulinum toxin-A effects were measured 4 ...

Sanger and shotgun sequencing of Clostridium botulinum strain Af84 type Af and its botulinum neurotoxin gene (bont) clusters identified the presence of three bont gene clusters rather than the expected two. The three toxin gene clusters consisted of bont subtypes A2, F4 and F5. The bont/A2 and bont/F4 gene clusters were located within the chromosome (the latter in a novel location), while the b...

Hyperhidrosis is an idiopathic condition of exaggerated sweat production resulting in dramatic impairments of daily activities, social interactions and occupational activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate correlation between a subjective (Dermatology Life Quality Index) and an objective (Minor test) criterion and to assess difference in their levels over time in patients affect...

UNLABELLED Heat treatment is an important controlling factor that, in combination with other hurdles (e.g., pH, aw), is used to reduce numbers and prevent the growth of and associated neurotoxin formation by nonproteolytic C. botulinum in chilled foods. It is generally agreed that a heating process that reduces the spore concentration by a factor of 10(6) is an acceptable barrier in relation to...

A group of clinicians from across Europe experienced in the use of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of spasticity following acquired brain injury gathered to develop a consensus statement on best practice in managing adults with spasticity. This consensus table summarizes the current published data, which was collated following extensive literature searches, their assessment for level o...