We use property rights theory to study the effect of productivity on trade-off between vertical integration and outsourcing at firm-level. develop a sharp empirical prediction that is robust across range models, holding for single multiple non-contractible inputs; any fixed cost difference outsourcing; regardless whether production sequential or simultaneous in nature. Our highlights hitherto n...

This article examines the material and socio-cultural mechanisms by which everyday urban rural walking is controlled, regulated, limited, or affected, as seen through lens of nineteenth century visual arts with support literary historical accounts. Inspired interdisciplinary research on walking, I discuss three cases different cultural backgrounds examine therein instances in experience cannot ...