PURPOSE To evaluate the depth of cure and surface hardness of two resin composites when subjected to three preheating temperatures, three polymerization times and two types of curing lights. METHODS Two resin composites were used in this study (Esthet-X and TPH), three polymerization times (10, 20, 40 seconds), three preheating temperatures (70, 100, 140 degrees F/21.1, 37.7 and 60 degrees C)...

The presentation is to results recently obtained in collaborative research in the European steel programme performed by Fraunhofer-IZFP and co-operative steel industry producing rolling products. The objective was and is to characterize i.e. to predict mechanical properties like hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, deep drawing parameters rm and ∆r, etc., mainly online by use of contact-...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface hardness of six composite resins: Revolution, Natural Flow, Fill Magic Flow, Flow-it! (flowables), Silux Plus (microfilled) and Z100 (minifilled) before and after polishing at different times. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, 240 specimens (5mm diameter, 1.4mm high) were prepared. Vickers hardness was determined before and after...

INTRODUCTION We aimed to compare apical canal transportation of extracted teeth and two types of simulated resin blocks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mesiobuccal root of extracted maxillary molars, high hardness simulated resin blocks (Knoop hardness=40) and low hardness simulated resin blocks (Knoop hardness=22) were prepared with K-files using step-back technique (n=15 canals in each group). Doubl...

The exact hardness of computing a Nash equilibrium is a fundamental open question in algorithmic game theory. This problem is complete for the complexity class PPAD. It is well known that problems in PPAD cannot be NP-complete unless NP = coNP. Therefore, a natural direction is to reduce the hardness of PPAD to the hardness of problems used in cryptography. Bitansky, Paneth, and Rosen [FOCS 201...

BACKGROUND Aim of the study was to verify the efficiency of Martens hardness measurements in detecting the degradation of composite resin cements during artificial aging. METHODS Four cements were used: Variolink II (VL2), RelyX Unicem 2 Automix (RUN), PermaFlo DC (PDC), and DuoCem (DCM). Specimens for Martens hardness measurements were light-cured and stored in water at 37 °C for 1 day to al...

The ability of hardness discrimination in 11 implant denture wearers was compared with those in 10 bridge wearers and 11 normal dentate subjects. The hardness discrimination was tested using silicone rubber blocks having rubber hardness that ranged at intervals of 10 degrees from 30 degrees to 70 degrees. Using a rubber block with rubber hardness of 50 degrees as a standard, the ability of disc...

The main efficiency metrics for a cryptographic primitive are its speed, its code size and its memory complexity. For a variety of reasons, many algorithms have been proposed that, instead of optimizing, try to increase one of these hardness forms. We present for the first time a unified framework for describing the hardness of a primitive along any of these three axes: code-hardness, timehardn...

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to the analysis of bioceramic samples. The relationship between sample hardness and LIBS plasma properties was investigated, with comparison to conventional Vickers hardness measurements. The plasma excitation temperature Te was determined using the lineto-continuum ratio for the Si (I) 288.16 nm emission line; we have demonstrated a linea...

We evaluate Vickers hardness and true instrumented indentation test (IIT) hardness of 24 metals over a wide range of mechanical properties using just IIT parameters by taking into account the real contact morphology beneath the Vickers indenter. Correlating the conventional Vickers hardness, indentation contact morphology, and IIT parameters for the 24 metals reveals relationships between conta...