Six different Salmonella group A phages from salmonellae in Kauffmann- White groups B, C(1), C(2), and D were examined serologically. Those phages which were specific for a particular somatic antigen were found to be serologically very similar. Antiserum against a phage with one specificity was able to neutralize a different phage with the same specificity but unable to neutralize, in the norma...

What is the origin of quantum randomness? Why does deterministic, unitary time development in Hilbert space (the ‘4π-realm’) lead to a probabilistic behaviour observables space-time ‘2π-realm’)? We propose simple topological model for randomness. Following Kauffmann, we elaborate mathematical structures that follow from distinction(A,B) using group theory and topology. Crucially, 2:1-mapping SL...

The quadratic assignment problem (QAP) is one of the great challenges in combinatorial optimization. Linearization for QAP is to transform the quadratic objective function into a linear one. Numerous QAP linearizations have been proposed, most of which yield mixed integer linear programs (MILP). Kauffmann and Broeckx’s linearization (KBL) is the current smallest one in terms of the number of va...