Malaria control programs are being jeopardized by the spread of insecticide resistance in mosquito vector populations. It has been estimated that the spread of resistance could lead to an additional 120000 deaths per year, and interfere with the prospects for sustained control or the feasibility of achieving malaria elimination. Another complication for the development of resistance management ...

The wheat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), are key pests on wheat crops worldwide. Management practices rely primarily on insecticides. The pirimicarb (carbamate) is used extensively as an effective insecticide to control these two aphids. In addition to the mortality caused by pirimicarb, various sublethal effects may occur in aphids when exposed to low le...

BACKGROUND Insecticides that target the nervous system may play a role in the development of childhood brain tumors (CBTs). Constitutive genetic variation affects metabolism of these chemicals. METHODS We analyzed population-based case-control data to examine whether CBT is associated with the functional genetic polymorphisms PON1C-108T, PON1Q192R, PON1L55M, BCHEA539T, FMO1C-9536A, FMO3E158K,...

susceptibility tests were carried out on anopheles stephensi with d.d.t(4%), dieldrin (4%), malathion(5%), propoxus (0.1%), primphos-methyl (o.lmg/cm2), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.1%), permethrin (0.25%) and deltamethrin (0.025%) during 1990-94 in minab county, soutern iran, using w.h.o standard method. results showed that an. stephensi was susceptible to malathion, propoxur, primphos - methyl, lamb...

We recently reported a chemical approach for half-life extension that utilizes sets of releasable linkers to attach drugs to macromolecules via a cleavable carbamate group (Santi et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109, 6211-6216). The linkers undergo a β-elimination cleavage to release the free, native amine-containing drug. A limitation of the technology is the requirement for an amino...

The acute oral and dermal toxicity of two new ethyl-carbamates (ethyl-4-bromophenyl-carbamate and ethyl-4-chlorophenyl-carbamate) with ixodicide activity was determined in rats. The oral LD50 of each carbamate was 300 to 2000 mg/kg, and the dermal LD50 of each carbamate was >5000 mg/kg. Clinically, the surviving rats that had received oral doses of each carbamate showed decreased weight gain (P...

It is a commonly known fact that agricultural chemicals have made a large contribution to the improvement of productivity in modern agriculture. At the same time, however, the ecological influence of such chemicals has been a matter of much concern. Furthermore, close attention is being paid to the problem of resistance in pathogenic insects, fungi and weeds because of the large amounts of limi...

Insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance due to a mutation in the acetylcholinesterase (ace) encoding ace-1 gene confers cross-resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in Anopheles gambiae populations from Central and West Africa. This mutation is associated with a strong genetic cost revealed through alterations of some life history traits but little is known about the physi...

The insecticide methomyl, an oxime carbamate, was first introduced in 1968 for broad spectrum control of several insect classes, including Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. Like other carbamates, it inhibits AChE activity, resulting in nerve and/or tissue failure and possibly death. Considered highly toxic to insects (larval and adult stages), methomyl is thought to be...

In the western United States, pesticides used in agricultural and urban areas are often detected in streams and rivers that support threatened and endangered Pacific salmon. Although concentrations are rarely high enough to cause direct salmon mortality, they can reach levels sufficient to impair juvenile feeding behavior and limit macroinvertebrate prey abundance. This raises the possibility o...