An anatomical-angiographic classification for carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas is introduced and a series of 14 patients with spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas is reviewed to illustrate the usefulness of such a classification for patient evaluation and treatment. Fistulas are divided into four types: Type A are direct high-flow shunts between the internal carotid artery and the caver...

Here we report a 79-year-old woman who presented with a 7-day history of headache, nausea, vomiting, and was found to have proptosis and ptosis. Laboratory findings showed hyponatremia, hypocortisolism, secondary hypothyroidism and low follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. CT angiography (CTA) showed a vascular lesion in sella causing a mass affect on the pitui...

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are vascular communications between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. Ophthalmologists are called to diagnose and manage the condition in cases that present with ocular features. A 73-year-old female was referred to our glaucoma center clinic. Eight years before, she had started receiving medication for glaucoma and had undergone laser iridotomy, but a...

The cortical venous drainage from carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is associated with increased risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage and may be the clue for the urgent indication of an endovascular treatment [1]. However it is difficult to infer direction of venous drainage from the clinical signs or symptoms of a patient with CCF. The source images of magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) may usefu...

Intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms causing a carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) are rare. These aneurysms usually cause neurological symptoms due to gradual expansion without rupture. If they do rupture they most often lead to a CCF instead of bleeding into the subarachnoid space. A patient is described with a ruptured intracavernous aneurysm causing a CCF resulting in acute onset of unilater...

Cases of the third type are usually commoner in men, but Meadows (1951) has described nine cases of fistulous aneurysm arising spontaneously in middle-aged women. The sequence of events appears to be the development of an aneurysig of the internal carotid artery as it lies within the cavernous sinus bathed in venous blood. This aneurysm is small and silent, a large one being less likely to rupt...

RATIONALE Bilateral carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is rare and serious extra-ocular disease occurring in clinical which may result in severe complication. Unique manifestations and imaging examinations are important to the diagnosis. PATIENT CONCERNS A case of bilateral carotid-cavernous fistula in an 60-year-old healthy man caused by a head injury is reported. Further clinical symptoms and ...