How should plaintiffs show harm from antitrust violations? The inquiry naturally breaks into two issues: first, what is the nature of harm? and second, does proof causation require? best criterion for assessing likely or reasonably anticipated output effects. Antitrust’s goal be as high consistent with sustainable competition. The standard then depends on things: identity enforcer remedy tha...

Let X1, X2, . . . , Xn be independent, identically distributed random variables, uniform on [0, 1]. We observe the Xk sequentially and must stop on exactly one of them. No recollection of the preceding observations is permitted. What stopping rule τ minimizes the expected rank of the selected observation? This full-information expected-rank problem is known as Robbins’ problem. The general solu...

Incompleteness is addressed by using a framework that allows expression of probability. An update procedure is given to handle nonmonotonic change of knowledge. We point out the relationship between probabilistic diagnosis and probabilistic deductive database updates, and present a coincidence theorem which formally establishes it. An implication of the result allows us to treat diagnostic prob...

Abstract Although David Lewis advocates a counterpart‐theoretic treatment of objects but rejects parallel events, many philosophers have — mainly to solve some puzzles within the framework Lewisian counterfactual analysis causation suggested that be extended events. This article argues we had better not counterpart theorist events as long want remain at all faithful causation.

We present an online distributed algorithm, the Causation Logging Algorithm (CLA), in which Autonomous Systems (ASes) in the Internet individually report route oscillations/flaps they experience to a central Internet Routing Registry (IRR). The IRR aggregates these reports and may observe what we call causation chains where each node on the chain caused a route flap at the next node along the c...

Reasoning about causation in fact is an essential element of attributing legal responsibility. Therefore, the automation of the attribution of legal responsibility requires a modelling effort aimed at the following: a thorough understanding of the relation between the legal concepts of responsibility and of causation in fact; a thorough understanding of the relation between causation in fact an...

Like other Atlantic languages, Wolof has a large inventory of verbal derivation suffixes, but is exceptionally well endowed for causative with no less than eight different suffixes. This article analyzes the values these suffixes and reveals firstly double gradient distinctions concerning degrees involvement causer causee. Among two show typologically rare specialization, one being specialized ...