NAND flash memory is a nonvolatile storage that is often used for its advantages of small size, non-mechanical, shock resistance, and low power consumption. With the recent drop in its price, NAND flash memory is on the verge of taking place of hard disk drive. Depending on the number of bits stored in a single cell, flash memory can be divided into SLC (single-level cell) NAND and MLC (multi-l...

TCR ligands are complexes of peptides and MHC proteins on the surfaces of APCs. Some of these ligands cause T cell proliferation (agonists), while others block it (antagonists). We compared the acid release, calcium flux, and proliferation response of helper T cells to a variety of ligands. We found that all agonist ligands but not most antagonist ligands trigger acid release, a general indicat...

Triple-negative (estrogen receptor [ER]/progesterone [PR]/human epidermal growth factor 2 [HER2]-negative) breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of cancer. Approximately 34% patients will experience distant recurrence within 3 years and eventually develop the chemotherapy-resistant, incurable disease. Therefore, development novel treatments necessary. Accumulating data demonstrate...

Although strategies that block FOXP3-dependent regulatory T cell function (CTLA4 blockade) and the inhibitory receptor PD1 have shown great promise in promoting antitumor immune responses in humans, their widespread implementation for cancer immunotherapy has been hampered by significant off-target autoimmune side effects that can be lethal. Our work has shown that absence of OX40 and CD30 cost...