Abstract Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA with genome approximating 150 kb in size. PRV contains many non-essential genes that can be replaced encoding heterogenous antigens without affecting viral propagation. With the ability to induce cellular, humoral and mucosal immune responses host, considered an ideal potential live vector for generation of animal vaccines. In this revi...

In these last years, we are witnessing the emergence of a new class biopharmaceuticals based on messenger RNA (mRNA). One most promising applications mRNA is its use as vaccines. Many reports, including ours, have demonstrated preclinical efficacy vaccines several advantages over traditional or even DNA Unlike attenuated inactivated vaccines, encodes for specific antigen that will be expressed ...

BACKGROUND Oral vaccination with live-attenuated Salmonella Typhi strain Ty21a is modestly efficacious, but the mechanisms of protection are currently unknown. While humoral and cellular immune responses are well described in peripheral blood, the cellular response at the intestinal mucosa has never been directly assessed. METHODS We vaccinated healthy adults with Ty21a and assessed humoral a...

Background: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the best characterized genetic regions controlling immune responses against vaccines. Identifying the association between MHC haplotypes and improved immune responses would be useful in genetic breeding strategies in animals. OBJECTIVES: MHC class II B genetic diversity and its association with humoral immune responses against Newcast...

background outer membrane protein d (pd) is a highly conserved and stable protein in the outer membrane of both encapsulated (typeable) and non-capsulated (non-typeable) strains of haemophilus influenzae. as an immunogen, pd is a potential candidate vaccine against non-typeable h. influenzae (nthi) strains. objectives the aim of this study was to determine the cytokine pattern and the opsonic a...