Inherent safety (IS) has been recognized as a design approach useful to remove or reduce hazards at the source instead of controlling them with add-on protective barriers (as in the case of extrinsic safety). However, inherent safety is based on qualitative principles that cannot easily be evaluated and analyzed, and this is one of the major difficulties for the systematic application and quant...

This white paper lays out some foundational information about different approaches to safety: how various industries differ in their approaches to safety engineering, and a comparison of three general approaches to safety (system safety, industrial safety engineering, and reliability engineering). An attempt is made to lay out the properties of industries and systems that make one approach more...

Safety case development is not a post-development activity, rather it should occur throughout the system development lifecycle. The key components in a safety case are safety arguments. Too often, safety arguments are constructed without proper reasoning. Inappropriate reasoning in safety arguments could undermine a system’s safety claims, which in turn contributes to safety-related failures of...

This report was prepared for the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards to provide background information on the evolution of the term "safety culture" and the perceived relationship between safety culture and the safety of operations in nuclear power generation and other hazardous technologies. There is a widespread belief that safety culture is an important contributor to the safety of oper...

In Germany, chemical eye burns are a common and recurring cause of long-term vision disorders and even blindness. Severe eye burns, however, have become less common thanks to sophisticated safety systems and high levels of safety standards in industrial workplaces. In contrast, extremely hazardous substances capable of causing severe eye damage are readily available on the private consumer mark...

3. The Codex principles of risk analysis, particularly those for risk assessment, are primarily intended to apply to discrete chemical entities such as food additives and pesticide residues, or a specific chemical or microbial contaminant that have identifiable hazards and risks; they are not intended to apply to whole foods as such. Indeed, few foods have been assessed scientifically in a mann...

3. The Codex principles of risk analysis, particularly those for risk assessment, are primarily intended to apply to discrete chemical entities such as food additives and pesticide residues, or a specific chemical or microbial contaminant that have identifiable hazards and risks; they are not intended to apply to whole foods as such. Indeed, few foods have been assessed scientifically in a mann...

The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, ...