The effects of chip protrusion on the forced-convection boiling and critical heat flux (CHF) of a dielectric coolant (FC-72) were investigated. The multi-chip module used in the present study featured a linear array of nine, 10mm x 10 mm, simulated microelectronic chips which protruded 1 mm into a 20-mm wide side of a rectangular flow channel. Experiments were performed in vertical upflow with ...

Ultra-thin chips of less than 20 lm become flexible, allowing integration of silicon IC technology with highly flexible electronics such as food packaging sensor systems or healthcare and sport monitoring tags as wearable patches or even directly in clothing textile. The ultra-thin chips in these products will be bent to a very high curvature, which puts a large strain on the chips during use. ...

Mixed hardwood chips were treated with lignin-degrading fungi to study the effect of fungal pretreatment on bleaching characteristics of kraft pulp. Pretreated wood chips were subjected to reduced active alkali doses in comparison to untreated chips. Comparable results were obtained for pretreated chips with reduced alkali dose as was obtained with higher dose of alkali in case of untreated chi...

IDDQ test loses its effectiveness for deep sub-micron chips since it cannot distinguish between faulty and fault-free currents. The concept of current ratios, in which the ratio of maximum to minimum IDDQ is used to screen faulty chips, has been previously proposed. At the wafer level neighboring chips have similar fault-free properties and are correlated. In this paper, use of spatial correlat...

In this paper, we report on passive alignment with sub-micron precision of two photonic chips on a silicon optical bench. An effective design principle to minimize the tolerance chain is presented and applied to a case study. The chips have been successfully manufactured and individual characterization of the chips revealed that all critical dimensions were within or close to specs. Sub-pixel a...

An analog CMOS chip set for implementations of artificial neural networks (ANNs) has been fabricated and tested. The chip set consists of two cascadable chips: a neuron chip and a synapse chip. Neurons on the neuron chips can be interconnected at random via synapses on the synapse chips thus implementing an ANN with arbitrary topology. The neuron test chip contains an array of 4 neurons with we...

This paper proposes and demonstrates novel types of vision chips that utilize pulse trains for image processing. Two types of chips were designed using 1.2 μm double-metal double-poly CMOS process; one is based on a pulse width modulation (PWM) and the other is based on a pulse frequency modulation (PFM). In both chips the interaction between the pixels were introduced to realize the image pre-...

A formic/acetic acid/water system was used in the ratios of 30:60:10, 20:60:20, and 30:50:20 separately for efficient hydrolysis and bioconversion of poplar chips, under the solid/liquid ratio of 1:12(g/ml), at 105 C for 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min, respectively. The highest yield of 69.89% was at a formic/acetic acid /water ratio of 30:50:20(v/v/v), with solid/liquid in the ratio of 1:12(g/ml) ...

Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus (CHIPS) is a protein that binds and blocks the C5a receptor (C5aR) and formylated peptide receptor, thereby inhibiting the immune cell recruitment associated with inflammation. If CHIPS was less reactive with existing human antibodies, it would be a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate. Therefore, we applied directed evolution and com...