While there is evidence that distinct protein isoforms resulting from alternative pre-mRNA splicing play critical roles in neuronal development and function, little is known about molecules regulating alternative splicing in the nervous system. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for studying neuron/target communication, we report that unc-75 mutant animals display neuroanatomical and behav...

The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. Within the neuron, the CB1 receptor is often localised in axon terminals, and its activation leads to inhibition of transmitter release. The consequence is inhibition of neurotransmission via a presynaptic mechanism. Inhibition of glutamatergic, GABAergic, glycinergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic and...

Antisera raised by the injection into sheep of presynaptic plasma membranes isolated from the purely cholinergic electromotor nerve terminals of Torpedo marmorata recognize a cholinergic-specific epitope, designated Chol-1 which has been shown to be gangliosidic in nature both in Torpedo (Richardson et al., 1982) and guinea-pig brain (Ferretti and Borroni, 1986). In rat brain the serum recogniz...

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) exerts top-down control of primary visual cortex (V1) activity. As there is no direct neuronal projection from mPFC to V1, this functional connection may use an indirect route, i.e., via basalo-cortical cholinergic projections. The cholinergic projections to V1 originate from neurons in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB), which receive ne...

The generation of noradrenergic sympathetic neurons is controlled by BMPs and the downstream transcription factors Mash1, Phox2b, Phox2a and dHand. We examined the role of these signals in developing cholinergic parasympathetic neurons. The expression of Mash1 (Cash1), Phox2b and Phox2a in the chick ciliary ganglion is followed by the sequential expression of panneuronal, noradrenergic and chol...

Little is known about the constraints that neuromodulation places upon neural coding. We investigated the relationship between cholinergic modulation of spike timing and rate in a compartment model of a neocortical neuron. Our results suggest that cholinergic modulation of spike timing is directly related to the modulation of spike rate via the insertion of new spikes, and that spike timing is ...

Objective To elucidate the synergistic mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang Pills (LWDHP), with multi-components, multi-targets and multi-channels in treatment senile dementia. Methods We searched Chinese English databases to obtain blood components LWDHP, its clinical preclinical research progress Based on network pharmacology key pathophysiological process Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we screened anti-AD...

UNLABELLED Synchronous optogenetic activation of striatal cholinergic interneurons ex vivo produces a disynaptic inhibition of spiny projection neurons composed of biophysically distinct GABAAfast and GABAAslow components. This has been shown to be due, at least in part, to activation of nicotinic receptors on GABAergic NPY-neurogliaform interneurons that monosynaptically inhibit striatal spiny...

Cognitive impairment, complex movement disorders, and high risk of falls are all interrelated , levodopa-unresponsive symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Although Parkinson's disease is conventionally viewed as a motor syndrome that results from nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation, there is also an intricate interplay between multisystem degeneration and neurotransmitter ...

To date, the therapeutic strategy against cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is still not in satisfaction level and requires novel effective intervention. Based the oxidative stress reduction and cognitive enhancement induced by laser acupuncture at HT7, the beneficial effect of laser acupuncture at HT7 against cognitive impairment in PD has been focused. In this study, we aimed t...