Abstract In this study, we conducted a six-month survey to evaluate the current status of three common honey bee viruses (black queen cell virus [BQCV], acute paralysis [ABPV], and sacbrood [SBV]) in Turkey’s Bingöl region revealed their phylogenetic relationships with same types other parts world. We randomly sampled 384 worker bees from total 128 apiaries different locations region. Molecular...

background: more than 350 million people are chronic carriers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and because of the high hbv-related morbidity and mortality, the global disease burden of hbv is substantial. in patients with hbeag–negative chronic hepatitis b (chb) with serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) levels, 1-2 × upper limit of normal (uln) and hbv dna load of 10000 to 100000 copies/ml, liver bio...

Street rabies virus (SRV)-infected T-lymphocyte-deficient (nude) mice, in contrast to euthymic mice, did not develop hindlimb paralysis prior to death. To document the role of T lymphocytes in rabies virus-associated paralysis, 10(8) spleen cells from normal immunocompetent euthymic mice were transferred to nude mice and the recipient mice were challenged with SRV. One hundred percent of the re...

objectives: patients with hepatitis c virus infection are at high risk of getting hepatitis a virus. hepatitis a virus is an important widespread virus that usually causes more severe medical consequences in patients with chronic liver disease. the purpose of this study was to evaluate prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody in patients with chronic hcv in isfahan province, iran. methods: a cr...

Elevated winter losses of managed honeybee colonies are a major concern, but the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Among the suspects are the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, and associated viruses. Here we hypothesize that pathogens reduce the life expectancy of winter bees, thereby constituting a proximate mechanism for colony losses. A monitoring...

Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) are utilized by a subset of cellular and viral mRNAs to initiate translation during cellular stress and virus infection when canonical cap-dependent translation is compromised. The intergenic region (IGR) IRES of the Dicistroviridae uses a streamlined mechanism in which it can directly recruit the ribosome in the absence of initiation factors and initiates t...

The loss of Apis mellifera L. colonies in recent years has, in many regions of the world, been alarmingly high. No single cause has been identified for these losses, but the interactions between several factors (mostly pathogens and parasites) have been held responsible. Work in the Americas on honeybees originating mainly from South Africa indicates that Africanised honeybees are less affected...