Pad cratering test methods have been under development with the emergence of this laminate fracture defect mechanism. In additional to ball shear, ball pull, and pin pull testing methods, the acoustic emission method is being developed to evaluate laminate materials’ resistance to pad cratering. Though the acoustic emission (AE) method has been proven to be able to detect pad cratering, no stud...

We investigate edge-intersection graphs of paths in the plane grid regarding a parameter called the bend-number. The bend-number is related to the interval-number and the track-number of a graph. We provide new upper and lower bounds of the bend-number of any given simple graph in terms of the coloring number, edge clique covers and the maximum degree. We show that the bend-number of an outerpl...

The families EPT (resp. EPG) Edge Intersection Graphs of Paths in a tree (resp. in a grid) are well studied graph classes. Recently we introduced the graph classes Edge-Intersecting and Non-Splitting Paths in a Tree (ENPT), and in a Grid (ENPG). It was shown that ENPG contains an infinite hierarchy of subclasses that are obtained by restricting the number of bends in the paths. Motivated by thi...

In river meandering, when flow passes through a bend, reduction of flow velocity and rising hydrostatic pressure cause super elevation phenomena at outer side and reduction of water surface at inner-side of the bend. A helical motion results, causing erosion of the outer side of the bend. Installation of submerged vanes on the stream bed can reduce erosion of the outer bank significantly. In th...

This study addresses the effects of varying configurations in board-level 4-point bend testing of BGA packages. The IPC/JEDEC 9702 test method employs 4-point monotonic PCB bending at high strain rates to characterize the PCB strains required to cause board level interconnection failures [1]. While this test is widely used, at present there is little published documentation of the resultant str...

An important part of the Fermilab’s Recycler Electron Cooling (REC) project [1] is a recirculation test which is performed using a 5-MV electrostatic accelerator, a Pelletron, with two tubes and a simplified beam line with one 180-degree bend. The main goal of the test is to demonstrate stable operation of a 4.4-MeV, 0.5-A DC electron beam. The paper describes the set-up and the early experimen...

This study investigated whether the "constant limb force" hypothesis can be applied to bend sprinting on an athletics track and to understand how force production influences performance on the bend compared with the straight. Force and three-dimensional video analyses were conducted on seven competitive athletes during maximal effort sprinting on the bend (radius 37.72 m) and straight. Left ste...