Background. Effects of hemodialysis (HD) treatment on retinal thickness and macular edema are unclear. Objective. To evaluate changes in retinal thickness using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR), with and without diabetic macular edema (DME), undergoing HD. Methods. Nonrandomized prospective study. Forty eyes of DR patie...

PURPOSE This study investigated retinal hemodynamic changes associated with different pathologic features observed on fundus color and fluorescein angiography in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Retinal circulatory characteristics were investigated in 25 eyes of 23 diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy using a combination of bidirectional laser Doppler velo...

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the major complications of diabetes and is a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness. Approximately 75% of persons suffering from type 1 diabetes develop retinopathy, while approximately 50% of persons with type 2 diabetes may develop retinopathy, and approximately 25% of persons with diabetes may develop macular edema [1]. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is...

We review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology of cystoid macular edema (CME). Inflammatory, diabetic, post-cataract, and macular edema due to age-related macular degeneration is described. The role of chronic inflammation and hypoxia and direct macular traction is evaluated in each case according to different views from the literature. The different diagnostic methods for evaluating...

BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious disorder. A search of the literature reveals no comprehensive quantitative assessment of the association between insulin use and incidence of diabetic macular edema. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate the effect of insulin use on the risk of developing macular edema. MATERIAL/METHODS Comparative stu...