For chronic central venous dialysis catheters, the standard method for maintaining catheter patency between treatments is to instill (lock) catheters with 5000 - 10 000 units of heparin in each lumen. Sodium citrate (citrate) is an anticoagulant with intrinsic antibacterial activity (at 20% concentration or higher). Citrate has only transient anticoagulant effects if accidentally infused to the...

The biosynthesis of the 2'-(5"-phosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-coenzyme A (CoA) prosthetic group of citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.6), a key enzyme of citrate fermentation, proceeds via the initial formation of the precursor 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA and subsequent transfer to apo-citrate lyase with removal of pyrophosphate. In Escherichia coli, the two steps are catalyzed by CitG and Ci...

Citrate is present in many natural substrates, such as milk, vegetables and fruits, and its metabolism by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plays an important role in food fermentation. The industrial importance of LAB stems mainly from their ability to convert carbohydrates into lactic acid and, in some species, like Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, to produce C4 flavor compounds (di...

Citrate synthetase activity was determined in samples of commercially available citrate condensing enzyme. We measured the amount of radioactive citrate formed from the condensation of carbon-14 labeled acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate. The labeled citrate was oxidized by oxidative bromination; 14C02 evolved was collected and represented the amount of citrate synthesized. Enzyme activity as low as 1...

Cytoplasmic citrate serves as an important regulator of gluconeogenesis and carbon source for de novo lipogenesis in the liver. For this reason, the sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT), a plasma membrane transporter that governs hepatic influx of plasma citrate in human, is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. As cytoplasmic citrate also originates fro...

Biodegradation of citrate occurred under LLW repository relevant conditions with Ni and U present. Citrate biodegradation led to the formation insoluble sulfides or nanocrystalline U( iv )–phosphate may promote Ni/U retention in repositories.