Twenty years ago Poole et al. suggested that the anomalous properties of supercooled water may be caused by a critical point that terminates a line of liquid-liquid separation of lower-density and higher-density water. Here we present a thermodynamic model based on this hypothesis, which describes all available experimental data for supercooled water with better quality and fewer adjustable par...

Collocated observations of cloud-top height and cloud-profiling information from 14 CloudSat and MODIS cloud-top temperature are analyzed to determine where convective 15 cloud top occurs in relation to the cold point tropopause and the internal vertical structure 16 of these deep convective clouds. Three types of penetrating convection identified as cold17 low (CL), cold-high (CH), and warm-hi...

Vernalization is the process by which prolonged exposure to cold temperatures promotes flowering. Over the past century, this process has been studied extensively at the physiological level. Recent studies have provided some insight into the molecular basis of vernalization. The rich history of vernalization research has been discussed in detail in many reviews (Chouard, 1960; Lang, 1965; Berni...

The hierarchical equations of motion technique has found widespread success as a tool to generate the numerically exact dynamics of non-Markovian open quantum systems. However, its application to low temperature environments remains a serious challenge due to the need for a deep hierarchy that arises from the Matsubara expansion of the bath correlation function. Here we present a hybrid stochas...

We present specific heat data on three samples of the dilute Ising magnet LiHoxY1-xF4 with x=0.018, 0.045, and 0.080. Previous measurements of the ac susceptibility of an x=0.045 sample showed the Ho3+ moments to remain dynamic down to very low temperatures, and the specific heat was found to have unusually sharp features. In contrast, our measurements do not exhibit these sharp features in the...

At low temperatures silicon is a brittle material that shatters catastrophically, whereas at elevated temperatures, the behavior of silicon changes drastically over a narrow temperature range and suddenly becomes ductile. This brittle-to-ductile transition has been observed in experimental studies, yet its fundamental mechanisms remain unknown. Here we report an atomistic-level study of a funda...

The distributions of cell volumes of steady-state Escherichia coli ML30G cultures at various temperatures were measured. For cultures in a minimal medium, the distributions were indistinguishable at several temperatures between 15 and 30 C; at higher temperatures the cells were slightly smaller, and at lower temperatures they were slightly larger. For cultures in a complex medium, the cells wer...

At low temperatures and strong friction the time evolution of the density distribution in position follows a quantum Smoluchowski equation. Recently, also higher-order contributions of quantum fluctuations to drift and diffusion coefficients have been systematically derived. As a nontrivial situation to reveal the impact of subleading quantum corrections and to demonstrate convergence propertie...

Folding of protein-like heteropolymers into unique 3D structures is investigated using Monte Carlo simulations on a cubic lattice. We found that folding time of chains of length $N$ scales as $N^\lambda$ at temperature of fastest folding. For chains with random sequences of monomers $\lambda \approx 6$, and for chains with sequences designed to provide a pronounced minimum of energy to their gr...

The microscopic mechanism of thermal dissipation in quantum turbulence is numerically studied by solving the coupled system involving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation. At low temperatures, the obtained dissipation does not work at scales greater than the vortex core size. However, as the temperature increases, dissipation works at large scales and it affects t...