the aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of treatment using kirschner wires and tensioning bands for tarsocrural luxation with malleolus fractures resulting from trauma in dogs. eight dogs with tarsocrural luxation due to malleolus fracture were selected. following intrathecal anesthesia, the malleolus bone was returned to its normal position using two kirschner wires and ten...

large intercoronary communications in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease constitute a very rare coronary artery anomaly in which there is a readily visible connection between the 2 coronary arteries with a unidirectional or bidirectional blood flow; consequently, this anomaly may be misinterpreted as a functioning collateral vessel, indicative of an unrecognized proximal coronar...

variations in the origin of axillary artery branches are common. but, distinctly abnormal course of its posterior circumflex humeral branch is rare. we are reporting a case of posterior circumflex humeral artery (pcha) originating from the axillary artery, passing through lower triangular space to reach the scapular region where it accompanied the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral...

BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to determine whether the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical for coronary collateral growth. Previous studies have provided an association between coronary collateral growth and VEGF, but none have allowed determination of a causal role. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured coronary collateral growth in rats subjected to repetit...

Both collateral vessel enlargement (arteriogenesis) and capillary growth (angiogenesis) in skeletal muscle occur in response to exercise training. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in both processes. Thus, we examined the effect of a VEGF receptor (VEGF-R) inhibitor (ZD4190, AstraZeneca) on collateral-dependent blood flow in vivo and collateral artery size ex vivo (indicat...

Peripheral arterial insufficiency is a progressive degenerative disease associated with an increased morbidity and mortality. It decreases exercise tolerance and often presents with symptoms of intermittent claudication. Enhanced physical activity is one of the most effective means of improving the life of affected patients. While this occurs for a variety of reasons, vascular remodeling can be...

Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen that is angiogenic in vitro and in vivo. It has been hypothesized that VEGE plays a role in myocardial collateral formation; however, the effects of VEGF on collateral flow to ischemic myocardium are unknown. Methods and Results We studied the effect of VEGF on collateral blood flow in dogs subjected to...

Collateral circulation is an alternative source of blood supply to the myocardium if this is jeopardized by failure of the original vessel to provide adequate flow. Gradual occlusion, or a high grade stenosis of the coronary arteries, is frequently associated with collateral development in patients with coronary artery disease. Although the existence of collateral circulation in such patients i...

In the presence of utility penalties, collateral requirements do not always eliminate the occurrence of Ponzi schemes. Harsh utility penalties may induce effective payments over collateral recollection values. In this event, loans can be larger than collateral costs and Ponzi schemes become possible.

BACKGROUND The prognostic relevance of the collateral circulation is still controversial. The goal of this study was to assess the impact on survival of quantitatively obtained, recruitable coronary collateral flow in patients with stable coronary artery disease during 10 years of follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight-hundred forty-five individuals (age, 62+/-11 years), 106 patients without co...