In order to be treated quantitatively, subjective gains and losses (utilities/disutilities) must be psychologically measured. If legitimate comparisons are sought between them, measurement must be at least interval level, with a common unit. If comparisons of absolute magnitudes across gains and losses are further sought, as in standard definitions of loss aversion, a common known zero must be ...

for an arbitrary ring $r$, the zero-divisor graph of $r$, denoted by $gamma (r)$, is an undirected simple graph that its vertices are all nonzero zero-divisors of $r$ in which any two vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if either $xy=0$ or $yx=0$. it is well-known that for any commutative ring $r$, $gamma (r) cong gamma (t(r))$ where $t(r)$ is the (total) quotient ring of $r$. in this...

The notion of strongly Lie zero-product preserving maps on normed algebras as a generalization of Lie zero-product preserving maps are dened. We give a necessary and sufficient condition from which a linear map between normed algebras to be strongly Lie zero-product preserving. Also some hereditary properties of strongly Lie zero-product preserving maps are presented. Finally the second dual of...

Orthogonal zero interpolants (OZI) are polynomials which interpolate the “zero-function” at a finite number of pre-assigned nodes and satisfy orthogonality condition. OZI’s can be constructed by the 3-term recurrence relation. These interpolants are found useful in the solution of constrained approximation problems and in the structure of Gauss-type quadrature rules. We present some theoretical...

1 Abstract A common signal is defined for any two signals which have non-zero correlation. A mathematical method is provided to extract the best obtainable common signal between the two signals. This analysis is extended to extracting common signal among three signals. When two signals have non-zero correlation [1], it is commonly believed that these two signals have similarity between them. Ho...

this paper deals with the single machine multi-product lot scheduling problem in which defective items are produced in any production run of each product. we have adopted the common cycle scheduling policy and assumed that the setup times for production of each product can be non-zero. further, we have assumed that defective items will be reworked and the inspection costs during the normal prod...

We analyze a committee decision in which individuals with common preferences are uncertain of two alternatives is better for them. Members can acquire costly information. Private signals and information choice both continuous. As consistent Down’s rational ignorance hypothesis, each member acquires less larger tends to zero when the size goes infinity. However, more members, gather aggregate eq...

I illustrate the surprising strategic effects a lack of common knowledge can have in a simple example. I analyze a two-person bargaining game in which the seller makes a single take-it-or-leave-it offer. The seller knows everything except possibly what information the buyer has. If it is common knowledge that the buyer knows the value of the object or if it is common knowledge that the buyer do...