not available. Kuhn, P. & Weinberger, C. (2005). Leadership skills and wages. Journal of Labor Economics, 23(3), 395-436. Controlling for cognitive skills, we find that men who occupied leadership positions in high school earn more as adults. The pure leadership-wage effect varies, depending on definitions and time period, from 4% to 33%. This effect is not an artifact of measurement error in c...

The rise in the demand to improve healthcare (HC) service quality has led current research to focus on cost effective initiatives like the social networks. Social networks support HC professionals, physicians as in the case of this study, to make better medical decisions to reduce the high rate of currently reported diagnostic errors. This progressing research critiqued the current literature r...

background: there are several conflicting conceptual models to explain social determinants of health (sdh) as responsible for most health inequalities. this study aimed to present these models in historical perspective and provide main component of sdh models as an ses indicators. methods: this was a narrative study using international databases to retrieve literature dealing with conceptual mo...

the issue of sustainable development has been widely acknowledged and spread rapidly after united nations conference on environment and development in rio in 1992. considerable attention is given to urban settlement areas. thus, role of urban development is seen as a challenging issue under circumstances. outcomes of the current patterns of world population growth and industrial development are...

This article examines transformational leadership and servant leadership to determine what similarities and differences exist between the two leadership concepts. The authors posit that the primary difference between transformational leadership and servant leadership is the focus of the leader. The transformational leader’s focus is directed toward the organization, and his or her behavior buil...

Leadership research has traditionally explored the consequences of leadership behaviors while giving far less attention to understanding why leaders behave the way they do toward subordinates. Moreover, the few theoretical frameworks and studies that do address antecedents of leadership behavior have focused almost entirely on personality and other individual differences while largely overlooki...

This conceptual article identifies the importance of commitment and emotional intelligence as modifications to the seven-variable original Patterson (2003) model of servant leadership that was extended by Winston (2003) as a circular model of interaction, and then further extended by Cerff and Winston (2006) to include hope as part of a virtuous construct. A reconfiguration of the leader side o...

empowerment employee is one of effective techniques to increase employee's productivity and efficient use of the capacity and capabilities of individual and group them in line with organizational goals. the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of ethical leadership with psychological empowerment with mediating of procedural justice and interactional justice.participants inc...