Confocal laser scanning microscopy is an essential analytical tool in biological, biomedical, and material sciences, integrating microscope manufacturing technology, optical-electronic computer technology. In the last decade, confocal has been successfully applied to study of amber bioinclusions. Enhanced signal noise ratios, resolution power, capability optical sectioning, three-dimensional re...

We present a simple wide-field imaging technique, called HiLo microscopy, that is capable of producing optically sectioned images in real time, comparable in quality to confocal laser scanning microscopy. The technique is based on the fusion of two raw images, one acquired with speckle illumination and another with standard uniform illumination. The fusion can be numerically adjusted, using a s...

We demonstrate a simple phase-sensitive microscopic technique capable of imaging the phase gradient of a transparent specimen, based on the Schlieren modulation and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The incident laser is refracted by the phase gradient of the specimen and excites a fluorescence plate behind the specimen to create a secondary illumination; then the fluoresence is modula...

Multiphoton excitation microscopy is becoming increasingly important as it offers several advantages over confocal laser (single photon excitation) scanning microscopy (CLSM) such as use of lesser damaging NIR wavelengths, reduced scattering, deeper imaging, no need for pinhole, higher light collection efficiency and excitation of UV dyes at NIR wavelengths; in addition, excitation and photoble...