Governmental facilities for such services as education, health, and transportation are often small, of poor quality, and overcrowded, even when the costs are spread among all taxpayers. We also find that governments may subsidize private facilities providing the same services, or may charge admission fees at public facilities. We explain these phenomena with a model which considers two types of...

Observation of a 4-mile long, inhomogeneous, congested traffic stream revealed that vehicle accumulations between detectors vary with flow in a predictable way, and that a macroscopic kinematic wave with a reproducible speed exists in queues despite unusual traffic behavior. As a result, time-dependent vehicle trip times and accumulations inside long queues (and the queue length itself) can be ...

The congested clique model is a message-passing model of distributed computation where the underlying communication network is the complete graph of n nodes. In this paper we consider the situation where the joint input to the nodes is an nnode labeled graph G, i.e., the local input received by each node is the indicator function of its neighborhood in G. Nodes execute an algorithm, communicati...

The core-periphery network architecture proposed by Avin et al. [ICALP 2014] was shown to support fast computation for many distributed algorithms, while being much sparser than the congested clique. For being efficient, the core-periphery architecture is however bounded to satisfy three axioms, among which is the capability of the core to emulate the clique, i.e., to implement the all-to-all c...

Airport runways and taxiways have been identified as a key source of system-wide congestion and delay in the over-strained commercial air traffic system. To combat this growing problem, we present a novel approach for taxiway scheduling and traversal. Aircraft must traverse a taxiway, represented by a graph, from gates to their respective runways and arrive at their scheduled times while adheri...

The reliable Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is essential for supporting high quality Internet data communication. In present Internet, due to the lack of differentiation mechanism in packet forwarding, BGP sessions are sensitive to severe network congestion. It is thus important to understand the reliability of BGP in congested networks, for the purposes of system reliability evaluation and fail...

In this paper we address the issue of locating hierarchical facilities in the presence of congestion. Two hierarchical models are presented, where lower level servers attend requests first, and then, some of the served customers are referred to higher level servers. In the first model, the objective is to find the minimum number of servers and their locations that will cover a given region with...

In this paper we investigate the dynamic behavior of multiplexer queues for TCP traac in simple ATM networks. Our results are based on theoretical investigations which are proved by simulations. We propose a cell based queue length evaluation for TCP traac over ATM using service c ategorie UBR. In case of cell losses at the ATM multiplexer we estimate packet loss probabilities and discuss the i...

The electric transmission networks are pushed more and more towards their limits. Even in highly meshed networks like in Europe this leads to congestions which in turn can produce significant price differences between the areas around these congestions. Another – maybe more visible – problem with congested networks are security concerns. Recent events, e.g. the italian blackout on September 28 ...

In this paper, we examine the behavior of the JPEG2000 coding scheme over noisy or congested communication channels and highlight a cost policy aspect. Two error schemes are considered, involving bit errors (noisy channel) and packet-dropping (congested channel) effects. Two bit error methods are used, consisting of flipping or eliminating the bits, and various packet sizes are put to the test ...