Some theorists have developed formal approaches to truth that depend on counterexamples to the structural rules of contraction. Here, we study such approaches, with an eye to helping them respond to a certain kind of objection. We define a contractive relative of each noncontractive relation, for use in responding to the objection in question, and we explore one example: the contractive relativ...

This article looks at so-called dynamic consequence relations for models of soft information change. We provide a sound, complete calculus for one-step soft dynamic consequence relations. We then study a generalization to sequences of updates, for which we show a number of valid and invalid structural rules.

The recent expansion in the production of shale petroleum crude oil, combined with the lack of new pipeline construction, has placed the railroads at the center stage for safe and efficient transport of very large volumes of this commodity. Petroleum crude oil poses fire risk in the event of train accidents. The consequence modeling based on the US DOT Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) or ALOH...

Data mining arose as a merge of several areas such as databases, statistics and artificial intelligence, and has been growing steadily in the last 20 years. Recently, the popularization of the concepts of Data Science and Big Data accelerated the process. In this seminar we try to answer the question whether data mining is cause or consequence of these recent developments through an integrated ...

safety distance has already been a main measurement for the hazard control of chemical installations interpreted to mean providing space between the hazardous installation and different types of targets. but, the problem is how to determine the enough space. this study considers the application of quantitative risk assessment to evaluating a compressed natural gas station site and to identify n...