Abstract Domestic screening of foreign investment, often on national security grounds, has intensified in recent years. More countries are introducing such regimes, while others expand their scope or allow retrospective screening. These developments increase the potential for investor–State claims under international investment agreements, even sometimes regarding investments that not yet estab...

The problems involving incentive compatibility constrains in the form of participation constrains have received wide attention in the literature due to the recent advances in the dynamic optimization techniques. Often the optimality conditions for this class of problems involve partial derivatives of the optimal value function with respect to some of the endogenous state variables. In this note...

Barcodes like QR Codes have made that encoded messages have entered our everyday life, what suggests to attach them a second layer of information: directly available to human receiver for informational or marketing purposes. We will discuss a general problem of using codes with chosen statistical constrains, for example reproducing given grayscale picture using halftone technique. If both sende...