The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals was opened for signature in Strasbourg on 13 November 1987 and entered into force on 1 May 1992. This Convention states that: 'Surgical operations for the purpose of modifying the appearance of a pet animal or for other non-curative purposes shall be prohibited and, in particular: the docking of tails'. At present, 15 of the 27 States in...

The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons agents or delivery devices for anything other than peaceful purposes. A protocol currently in the final stages of negotiation adds verification measures to the convention. One of these measures will be international investigation of disease outbreaks that suggest a violation ...

Tree layout has received considerable attention because of its practical importance. Arguably the most common drawing convention is the (ordered) layered tree convention for rooted trees in which the layout is required to preserve the relative order of a node’s children. However, in some applications preserving the ordering of children is not important, and considerably more compact layout can ...

In recent years, there has been a growing interest and debate around the question, whether there is a need for an international convention on the rights of older persons. The debate around this question is far from simple or consensual. Although there are strong voices in favor, there are also strong arguments against. Moreover, the mere fact that a legal gap exists at the international level i...

The AES has launched an opportunity to recognize student members who author technical papers. The Student Paper Award Competition is based on the preprint manuscripts accepted for the AES convention. A number of student-authored papers were nominated. The excellent quality of the submissions has made the selection process both challenging and exhilarating. The award-winning student paper will b...

Design for testability (DFT) refers to hardware design styles or it is an added hardware that reduces test generation complexity and test cost, also increases test quality. Sleep Convention Logic (SCL) is an asynchronous logic style which is based on Null Convention Logic (NCL). In the SCL the combinational blocks are made of threshold gates. SCL utilizes power gating method to further reduce t...