There exists no memory of biologic evolution besides the individuals themselves. Indeed, the biologic milieu can change and a previously unnt action or individual can come to be more t; it would be most dangerous to rely on the memory of the past. This contrasts with artiicial evolution most often considering a xed milieu: the generation of an unnt individual previously explored is only a waste...

we try the best to scrutinize the process of cooperation and especially the convergence between russian and north atlantic treaty based on constructivism theory. both sides have continued the enmity after terminating cold war and collapse of russia, despite of change in international structure and patterns. both sides could have solved common needs and problems through more cooperation and coll...

The aim of this study was to compare the social capital indicators of members and non-members of cooperatives in Siahkal County.  The sample size was calculated by the Cochran formula to include300individuals (150 member cooperatives and 150 non-members of the cooperative) that were selected by the stratified random sampling method. The main tool employed in this study was a questionnaire that ...

Population structure plays an important role in the evolution of social behaviours, particularly by generating positive assortment on social interactions. This enables cooperative behaviours that have a net cost to the individual to spread by directing their benefits towards other cooperators. Previous work on the coevolution of population structures and social behaviours has suggested that the...

Fluctuating asymmetry consists of random deviations from perfect symmetry in populations of organisms. It is a measure of developmental noise, which reflects a population’s average state of adaptation and coadaptation. Moreover, it increases under both environmental and genetic stress, though responses are often inconsistent. Researchers base studies of fluctuating asymmetry upon deviations fro...

Romantic gestures that men make toward the women they love or whose heart they wish to win often involve providing help—whether it is opening and holding the door, paying for her drink, lifting her heavy suitcase, or completing a complicated task. In these everyday interactions, helping relations between men and women are rarely explicitly framed as intergroup helping, but rather as interperson...

It is well known that polyploidy is a major force in evolution, particularly in plants. Perhaps 50% of all angiosperms are of polyploid origin; estimates for the ferns and fern allies range from 44 to 95% (1, 2). Because of the significant role that it has played in plant evolution, polyploidy has been the focus of great interest and controversy for >50 years. Diverse aspects of polyploidy have...

Size-selective fishing may induce rapid evolutionary changes in life-history traits such as size at maturation. A major concern is that these changes will reduce population biomass and detrimentally affect yield and recruitment. Although marine reserves have been proposed as a tool for fisheries management, their evolutionary implications have as yet attracted little scrutiny. A simple model is...

A historical survey of medical informatics (MI) in Croatia is presented from the beginnings in the late sixties of the 20th century to the present time. Described are MI projects, applications in clinical medicine and public health, start and development of MI research and education, beginnings of international cooperation, establishment of the Croatian Society for MI and its membership to EFMI...

We investigate the use of Artiicial Evolution with increasing length genotypes in Evolutionary Electronics. We demonstrate the need of using variable size genotypes in Evolutionary Electronics. After giving a brief description of our evolutionary methodology , we present a case study, consisting of the evolution of a combinational function. Finally, we make general observations about the method...