In 1993 and early 1994, Freeport McMoRan Copper and Gold (FCX), a mining company, issued two series of gold-denominated depositary shares to raise 430 million dollars for expansion of their mining capacity in Indonesia. We price the depositary shares using a term structure model for the forward rates implied by gold futures and we show that FCX successfully enhanced the credit quality of the is...

Noise emissions are a significant environmental impact caused by the mining industry in all technological phases of surface mining, mineral processing, and waste disposal. This paper presents role noise assessment control large-scale operations. Mine planning develops model operations, ore excavation, dumping scheduling processing rates, including spatial distribution activities. Such level min...

all steps of a mining project generally disturb the environment'soriginal condition during construction. therefore, it is crucial toimplement an appropriate mine reclamation plan throughout all mineplanning stages from sustainable and environmental point of view.planting the suitable plant species in each step of any reclamationplan and each area is one of the necessities in this respect.select...

Mining is the process of extracting a naturally occurring material from the earth to derive a profit. Operations research has been used in mining primarily to make decisions about when and how to perform both surface and underground extraction with respect to how to recover the material and what to do with the extracted material. Because machines are used to extract the ore, decisions about whi...

The mining industry is facing problems of clean production in terms of mineral processing, pollution, water consumption, and renewable energy. An interesting outlook can be to combine the mining industry with membrane-based desalination in the logic of mining from the sea. In fact, several of the drawbacks found in both mining and desalination can be minimized or overcome, which includes hinder...

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) fly ash contains significant amounts of leachable metals, and is therefore considered as hazardous waste. The increased amounts of fly ash generated cause environmental issues, management costs and accumulation of valuable metals in landfills. All these factors contribute to an increased interest in recognizing the ash as an urban mining target of metal...

Ahangaran lead-zinc mining area located in the west part of Iran is a mountainous region. In this study, medical plants and soils from 3 different sites in this area were collected in spring 2012. Soil and medical plants were analyzed for heavy metals [lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu)] concentrations using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometer (Varian ...

The Tinto river drains the Rio Tinto mining district, which comprises the world’s largest known massive sulfide deposits; these orebodies have been mined from the third millenium BC to the present. The Tinto river is strongly acidic (pH, 1.5–2.5); during flood events, it transports a sandy material, including abundant detrital pyrite grains. A core drilled in the Holocene sediments of the Tinto...