We suggest that the atmospheric neutrino anomaly observed in the Super-Kamiokande (and other) experiments results from the combined effects of muon-neutrino to tauneutrino oscillations with a ∆m value of approximately 0.4 eV 2 and oscillations between muon neutrinos and electron neutrinos (and vice-versa) with 0.0001< ∆m < 0.001 eV . With an appropriate choice of a three-neutrino mixing matrix,...

This paper analyses the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant under environmental uncertainty. It shows that this decision depends on the type and level of uncertainty. When uncertainty is small, there is no simple irreversibility effect because of the tension between environmental irreversibility (the stock of pollutant causes costly long-term social damages), and inv...

The ideas of cruelty, kindness, and unnecessary suffering play prominent roles in the growing debate over our treatment of animals. An index of how pervasive these ideas are, is that a philosopher who does not rely on them, or not all of them, or who argues in ways that give other ideas a place of prominence, might none the less be viewed as resting his case against, say, vivisection or factory...

Chengping Wu,1 Martin S. Christensen,2 Juha-Matti Savolainen,2 Peter Balling,2 and Leonid V. Zhigilei1,* 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, 395 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4745, USA 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark (Received 24 October 2014; revised manuscript received ...

Computer-based argument mapping greatly enhances student critical thinking, more than tripling absolute gains made by other methods. I describe the method and my experience as an outsider. Argument mapping often showed precisely how students were erring (for example: confusing helping premises for separate reasons), making it much easier for them to fix their errors. I’ve been skeptical about c...

We formulate a theoretical model in which we postulate that if a customers' behavior is perceived as not optimal, customers will adjust this behavior based on their current satisfaction and payment equity. Furthermore, customers will also include new experiences. In our empirical study we particularly investigate customer referrals and the amount of services purchased. Our results show positive...

The fungal pathogen, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, causing Swiss needle cast (SNC) occurs wherever Douglas-fir is found but disease damage is believed to be limited in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) to the Coast Range of Oregon and Washington (Hansen et al., Plant Disease, 2000, 84, 773; Rosso & Hansen, Phytopathology, 2003, 93, 790; Shaw, et al., Journal of Forestry, 2011, 109, 109). However, k...

To what extent do international financial fluctuations influence patronage politics in developing countries? While many scholars have analyzed the sources of patronage and how it can be detrimental for both economic development and democracy, patronage politics has been analyzed as a purely domestic phenomenon. This ignores, however, the consequences of international markets fluctuations, and i...

In this paper we consider gauge invariant nonminimal couplings of the torsion field to the Standard model fermions and U(1) gauge bosons. We then determine the constraints on the unknown parameters of the torsion action from its contribution to the muon anomaly. The bounds on the torsion mass obtained from muon anomaly are finally compared with those obtained high energy collider experiments. E...

The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Without wishing to incriminate them in any way, we would like to acknowledge the helpful comments of Peter Lanjouw and Milla McLachlan on an earlier draft of this paper. T...