This study links the highly distinctive national contexts of the pharmaceutical industry to the evolution of innovative capabilities for Japanese drug firms from 1975 to 1995. During these two decades, the Japanese domestic environment for pharmaceuticals changed radically, encouraging a “bubble” of trivial innovations. Experience by Japanese firms in their domestic market predominantly determi...

This paper examines the factors, which determine R&D outsourcing behaviour at Japanese firms, from the viewpoints of transaction cost and strategic management, since the latter half of the 1990s. This study uses empirical analysis, which involves the application of large-sample data. The principal findings of this paper are listed below. Firms that belong to a wider corporate group are more act...

A curious ownership structure is found in Northern Europe – foundations that own and operate business companies. The foundations are non-profit entities, they have no members and no owners, and they cannot be dissolved, but regard it as a goal in itself to run a business. In many cases these entities control more than 50% of the votes in successful international companies such as Carlsberg and ...

The paper considers the problems of choosing strategies for diversifying companies. It was revealed that in corporate practice, there is a certain tendency towards moderately diversified companies with related business lines (relational diversification). authors analyzed set four main growth strategies: market penetration; expansion; product innovation, and diversification. Their advantages dis...

This study aims to examine first, the application of diversification strategy banking performance. The industry has not been studied much in previous studies. is an that highly regulated by government or regulated. resulted intensity competition this industry. Diversification can be one way overcome threats faced banks. bank divided into 2 segments, namely: products and operational areas. imple...