Forty-two native woody species were selected to represent the range of temperature-related ecological gradients in New Zealand. Twigs collected in July (mid-winter) were sent by air to Sapporo, Japan, where they were artificially hardened and then tested for freezing resistance. Although only one plant of each species was sampled from each site in anyone year, results were consistent from year ...

During the past few decades, much controversy has surrounded the pathophysiology of migraine. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is widely accepted as the neuronal process underlying visual auras. It has been proposed that CSD can also cause the headaches, at least in migraine with aura. We describe three patients, each fulfilling the International Headache Society criteria for migraine with a...

Cortical spreading depression (SD) is a spreading disruption in brain ionic homeostasis during which neurons experience complete and prolonged depolarizations. SD is generally believed to be the physiological substrate of migraine aura and is associated with many other brain pathologies. Here, we perform simulations with a model of SD treating brain tissue as a triphasic continuum of neurons, g...

It is generally believed that cortical spreading depression (CSD) demonstrated by Leao underlie migraine aura and migraine headache depends on the activation of the trigeminovascular pain pathway proposed by Moskowitz. The onset of migraine attack and the association between CSD and the trigeminovascular pain pathway have remained largely unknown. Recent animal studies indicate that CSD can act...

Land application of animal slurries has both agronomic and environmental implications. It can be supported by the quantification of available nutrients in the field. A prototype device for indirect measurement of the nutrient content of slurry based on electrical conductivity (EC) was calibrated on manure samples collected from farms with different livestock typologies. The resulting correlatio...

The paper considers seismological evidences on a geodynamic regime in the Arctic segment of the interplate boundary between Eurasian and North American lithosphere plates. A scope of earthquakes occurred in the Mon, Knipovich and Gakkel mid-ocean ridge belts (MORB) has been made, and distribution of doublecouple (DC) and non-double-couple (NDC) sources has been evaluated. As revealed, the DC ev...

Migraine is a heterogeneous primary headache disorder.1 Migraine prevalence in the general population of the United States is 28 million people (13%) and results in significant costs to the healthcare system.2 Aura consists of 1 or more focal neurological symptoms, such as visual, sensory, or speech disturbances,1 and is present in 30% of migraineurs.3 Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a neu...

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) among deer and rabbits surrounding infected and noninfected Minnesota dairy farms using fecal culture, and to describe the frequency that farm management practices were used that could potentially lead to transmission of infection between these species. Fecal samples from cows and t...

The effect of cortical spreading depression (CSD) on oxygen demand (extracellular K(+)), oxygen supply (cerebral blood flow - CBF) and oxygen balance (mitochondrial NADH) was studied by a special multiprobe assembly (MPA), during hypoxia and partial ischemia. The MPA was constructed and applied to monitor the CSD wave from its front line until complete recovery, continuously and simultaneously....

Dear Editor: The world currently spends $100 billion annually on medical education [1]. This seems like a massive amount at a macroeconomic level. At a microeconomic level, medical school tuition fees in many countries are now as high as $14,000 per year. This will seem like a massive amount to an 18-year-old school leaver from an average financial background. Economic depressions make both fig...