Although surveillance for HIV infection has traditionally focused on the incidence of AIDS and the prevalence of HIV, new diagnostic technologies that allow the estimation of incident HIV infection have become available. Number and distribution of new cases of HIV infection, rather than old cases, are the data most relevant to guide rational application of HIV prevention programs. Historically,...

Discussion It is not easy to reconcile these findings with those obtained in the early days of diphtheria immunization when F.T. was extensively used with definite clinical success. It is possible that the reason for the poor immunizing action of the present-day F.T. is the fact that it is prepared in a highly purified form, whereas the F.T. used in the early days undoubtedly contained many imp...

Speaking from the perspective of a clinician and teacher, good medical ethics needs to make medicine better. Over the past 50 years medical ethics has helped shape the culture in medicine and medical practice for the better. However, recent healthcare scandals in the UK suggest more needs to be done to translate ethical reasoning into ethical practice. Focusing on clinical practice and individu...