Light isotopes separation, such as (3)He/(4)He, H2/D2, H2/T2, etc., is crucial for various advanced technologies including isotope labeling, nuclear weapons, cryogenics and power generation. However, their nearly identical chemical properties made the separation challenging. The low productivity of the present isotopes separation approaches hinders the relevant applications. An efficient membra...

Technological advances will allow the placement of many Terahertz detectors at the focal plane of a single telescope. For a telescope of a given diameter and wavelength of operation, there is a limit to the number of usable detectors imposed by diffraction and optical aberrations. These effects can be ameliorated through an optical design where the magnification of the telescope’s secondary mir...

The word, “Cryogenics” is taken from two Greek words – “kryos” which means cold or freezing, and “genes” meaning born or generated. Technologically, it means the study and use of materials (or other requirements) at very low temperatures. In general cryogenic treatment consists of slow cooling already heat treated part to approximately -196C, holding at low temperature up to prescribed period, ...

The superconducting magnet system of the ATLAS detector will consist of a central solenoid, two end-cap toroids and the barrel toroid made of eight coils (BT) symmetrically placed around the central axis of the detector. All these magnets will be individually tested in an experimental area prior to their final installation in the underground cavern of the LHC collider. A dedicated cryogenic tes...

The flux jumping behavior of tubular samples of vapor-deposited Nb,Sn has been observed at 4.2 and 1.9 K. Measurements of field profiles along the axis of the sample tubes provided information on the extent of the flux jumps and the nature of the field structure remaining after the jumps. Measurements of the field inside the tube as a function of the applied field provided information on the fr...

Semiconductor gamma and X-ray detectors are finding increase use in medicine, industry, astronomy and national security. Conventional semiconductors consist mainly of germanium and silicon. Their use has however become marginalised in an increasing number of applications due to their physical limitations such as low detection efficiency and the need for bulky cryogenics. Detectors based on wide...

The LHC cryogenic system radiation tolerant electronics and their associated field instruments have been in nominal conditions since before the commissioning of the first LHC beams in September 2008. This system is made of about 15’000 field instruments (thermometers, pressure sensors, liquid helium level gauges, electrical heaters and position switches), 7’500 electronic cards and 853 electron...

One of the fundamental problems in many-pixel detectors implemented in cryogenics environments is the number of bias and read-out wires. If one targets a megapixel range detector, number of wires should be significantly reduced. One possibility is that the detectors are serially connected and biased by using only one line and read-out is accomplished by on-chip circuitry. In addition to the num...

Transport current capability of MgB $_{2}$ multifilamentary wires is intrinsically affected by the self and mutual magnetic inductance between superconducting filaments, which a problem that depends on geometrical distribution filaments...