Background: Refractive errors in children are one of the leading causes of preventable blindness. Prevalence of various refractive errors in children is alarming. The purpose of this study was to find the frequency of refractive errors, identify their types, and suggest guidelines for early diagnosis and treatment. Material & Methods: It was a descriptive study conducted at Agency Head Quarter ...

PURPOSE To assess the prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment in private school children in Ghana. METHODS A random selection of geographically defined classes in clusters was used to identify a sample of school children aged 12 to 15 years in the Ashanti Region. Children in 60 clusters were enumerated and examined in classrooms. The examination included visual acuity, retinoscop...

OBJECTIVE To find out the prevalence of refractive errors and pattern of ocular morbidity amongst the school children of a rural village. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross sectional study was carried out in children of age group 3 - 12 years in a rural village of Hathras, Uttar Pradesh, India. All the children were examined including visual acuity measurement using Snellen's E chart, retinoscopy ...

PURPOSE Astigmatism is a common cause of refractive error and is known to vary in prevalence with age. Although the search for genes associated with spherical refractive errors (especially myopia) has met with limited success, current efforts to identify genetic variants implicated in astigmatism development have been less rewarding. We aimed to assess the association between astigmatism and ag...

Accommodation is controlled by the action of the ciliary muscle and mediated primarily by parasympathetic input through postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia. During accommodation the pupil constricts to increase the depth of focus of the eye and improve retinal image quality. Researchers have traditionally faced the challenge of measuring ...

PURPOSE Pirenzepine is suggested to be a relatively selective muscarinic (M(1)) antagonist and is currently under investigation for the treatment of myopia. Atropine, a nonselective M-type antagonist, is used in the treatment of myopia, but has undesired ocular and systemic side effects. An M(1)-specific antagonist may decrease side effects and remain effective at reducing the progression of my...

PURPOSE To examine the prevalence of refractive errors and prevalence and causes of vision loss among preschool and school children in East China. METHODS Using a random cluster sampling in a cross-sectional school-based study design, children with an age of 4-18 years were selected from kindergartens, primary schools, and junior and senior high schools in the rural Guanxian County and the ci...

AIMS To study the refractive development in children with Down's syndrome longitudinally. METHODS An unselected population of 60 children with Down's syndrome was followed with repeated retinoscopies in cycloplegia for 2 years or more (follow up 55 (SD 23) months). Accommodation was assessed with dynamic retinoscopy. RESULTS From longitudinal spherical equivalent values of the right eye, th...

PURPOSE We report transient ocular wavefront and blood glucose data for one patient with acute type 1 diabetes mellitus after the treatment with insulin has been initiated. CASE REPORT The wavefront data for both eyes of a 34-year-old male patient were examined by a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. Refraction data and higher-order aberrations were recorded during 130 days for eyes in natural ...

We recorded the vergence eye movements that are elicited at ultra-short latencies when binocular disparities are applied to large-field patterns (Busettini, C., Miles, F.A. and Krauzlis, R.J. (1996). J. Neurophysiol., 75: 1392-1410) and determined their dependence on the preëxisting vergence angle (PVA). The search coil technique was used to record the movements of both eyes in four healthy sub...