Conspiracy belief has largely been linked with individual-level traits like partisanship and cynicism. We use a series of original survey experiments to investigate whether macro-level variables, like a high scandal political climate, might similarly affect beliefs in conspiracy theories. We document what we call the vicious cycle of cynicism. Political scandals diminish trust in government; th...

Burnout is commonly measured with the Maslach Inventory (MBI), which consists of three subscales measuring emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, and cynicism. We adapted scale then explored confirmed dimensions on Indonesian version named The Maslach-Trisni (M-TBI) an exploratory analysis followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) from 822 workforces. sensitivity for different job ...

Survey experiments are widely used in political science. Among other things, they promise internally valid estimates of a wide variety of causal effects. One specific threat to this assumption is that participants might bring other information based on real-world conditions to these experiments that could mediate posited experimental effects. We investigate this possibility by comparing the res...

One of the distinct leadership styles in influencing attitudes and behaviors employees organizations is inclusive leadership, which means hints at that there may be a relationship between organizational behavior. This study, was designed with correlational study model, aims to determine moderating role gender age school principals' teachers' cynicism levels. The data were collected from populat...

The present article examines the brand-contextual effects of recent pandemic in form cynical brand distance conceptualization. study aims to determine whether consumers' perception social and congruency perceptions affects then shift perception. research was carried out a web survey on media 298 consumers analysis done with PLS algoritm SmartPLS software. It is found that positive relationship ...