introduction bladder cancer is the most common malignancy in elderly people and most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (tcc). bladder pathology is usually investigated visually by cystoscopy and this technique can represent different conditions ranging from simple inflammation to flat cis. however, biopsies must be taken from the suspected area to obtain diagnostic information. t...

PURPOSE Bladder cancer presents as a spectrum of different diatheses. Accurate assessment for individualized treatment depends on initial diagnostic accuracy. Detection relies on white light cystoscopy accuracy and comprehensiveness. Aside from invasiveness and potential risks, white light cystoscopy shortcomings include difficult flat lesion detection, precise tumor delineation to enable compl...

Diagnosis of bladder cancer is primarily made based on clinical presentation and then by direct visualization with cystoscopy. Despite the massive investments recently made to identify urinary-based assays that are able to diagnosis urothelial carcinoma, urine cytology and cystoscopy still remain the gold standard. Recently proof of principle studies have shown that noninvasive urine-based meta...

From July 1976 to December 1978 invasive carcinoma of the cervix in 369 new patients at Tygerberg Hospital, Parowvallei, CP, was classified into stages according to the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification. Most of these patients underwent routine intravenous pyelography, cystoscopy, and skeletal and chest radiography, the results of which were analysed i...