Net radiation plays an essential role in determining the thermal conditions of the Earth's surface and is an important parameter for the study of land-surface processes and global climate change. In this paper, an improved satellite-based approach to estimate the daily net radiation is presented, in which sunshine duration were derived from the geostationary meteorological satellite (FY-2D) clo...

Sunshine hours are the only long term, reliable and available measured information that can be used to reach highly accurate estimates of solar radiation values on the Earth surface. In this paper the sunshine duration is used to estimate monthly average daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface, it can be used to predict solar radiation in different climatic region of Iran. According to th...

Deliberate and unintended radio transmissions from Earth propagate into space and could be detected by extraterrestrial watchers over interstellar distances. However, attempts to date at sending messages to extraterrestrial intelligence (METI) have much lower chances of detection than background radio noise from current communication technology on Earth. METI broadcasts are usually transient an...

In a previous study, a daily evaporative fraction (EF) parameterization scheme was derived based on day–night differences in surface temperature, air temperature, and net radiation. Considering the advantage that incoming solar radiation can be readily retrieved from remotely sensed data in comparison with surface net radiation, this study simplified the daily EF parameterization scheme using i...

Abstract. This study presents a new total column ozone (TCO) retrieval from the Koherent system, developed at Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC). The instrument is based on small, cost-effective, robust, low-maintenance and state-of-the-art-technology array spectroradiometer. It consists of BTS-2048-UV-S-F spectroradiometer Gigahertz-Optik GmbH,...

nowadays artificial neural networks (anns) are being applied in several problems of water engineering where there is no clear relationship between effective parameters on the estimation of phenomenon. this research was used to measure aerodynamic data inside and outside greenhouse for estimating reference evapotranspiration in greenhouse by using anns. ann was used with perceptron multilayer st...

Gas-phase and solid-state chemistry in low-temperature interstellar clouds cores leads to a D/H enhancement ices, which is eventually inherited by comets, meteorites, even planetary satellites. Hence, the D/ H ratio has been widely used as tracer for origins of extraterrestrial chemistry. However, can also be influenced cosmic rays, are ubiquitous penetrate dense molecular cores. The effects su...

The resiliency and adaptive ability of microbial life in real time on Earth relies heavily upon horizontal gene transfer. Based on that knowledge, how likely is earth based microbial life to colonize extraterrestrial targets such as Mars? To address this question, we consider manned and unmanned space exploration, the resident microbiota that is likely to inhabit those vehicles, the adaptive po...

Background: Extraterrestrial Encounter While humanity has not yet encountered an extraterrestrial civilization, this possibility cannot be ruled out. Some evidence suggests that an encounter may be likely. If an encounter occurs, it would be of profound significance for humanity. There thus has been much debate on the outcome of an encounter. Opinions are sharply divided on whether extraterrest...