hydrogen is an unusual substance in that its molecule exists in two forms, known as ortho and para, with markedly different properties. energy level of the ortho molecule is higher than para, therefore, the latter is employed for industrial purposes. consequently, for a high  conversion of  ortho to para hydrogen a catalyst reactor must be employed.  therefore, one of  the main objectives of th...

The knowledge of the heat intake from the electron beam is essential to design the cryogenic layout of superconducting insertion devices. With the aim of measuring the beam heat load to a cold bore and understanding the responsible mechanisms, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics (COLDDIAG) has been built. The instrumentation comprises temperature sensors, pressure gauges, mass spectrometers a...

When a hot body A is thermally connected to a cold body B, the textbook knowledge is that heat flows from A to B. Here, we describe the opposite case in which heat flows from a colder but constantly heated body B to a hotter but constantly cooled body A through a two-phase liquid-vapor system. Specifically, we provide experimental evidence that heat flows through liquid and vapor phases of cryo...

The effect of Alumina nanoparticle size on thermophysical properties, heat transfer performance and pressure loss characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF)-Al2O3 nanofluids is studied experimentally for the proposed application of regenerative cooling of semi-cryogenic rocket engine thrust chambers. Al2O3 particles with mean diameters of 50 nm or 150 nm are dispersed in ATF. At 50C and 0.3...

This study explored the effects of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, hardness, and wear-resistance of diamond-like carbon (DLC) by cryogenically treating NAK 80 mold steel coated with DLC. Raman spectroscopy analyzed the structure of the DLC film. Nanoindenter analyzed the hardness and Young’s modulus of the film, and their relationship determined the wear resistance. Wear test assesse...

ATLAS is a very high-energy detector for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The superconducting magnet used to provide the required magnetic field consists of four sub-systems: a central solenoid and a very large toroidal magnet comprising two end-cap magnets and the barrel toroid magnet. The associated cryogenic system, currently in the final specification and procurement phase has been ...

Random coincidence of 2ν2β decay events could be one of the main sources of background for 0ν2β decay in cryogenic bolometers due to their poor time resolution. Pulse-shape discrimination by using front edge analysis, the mean-time and χ methods was applied to discriminate randomly coinciding 2ν2β events in ZnMoO4 cryogenic scintillating bolometers. The background can be effectively rejected on...

Haynes 25 alloy (also known as L-605 alloy) is cobalt based super alloy which has widely applications such as aerospace industry, turbine and furnace parts, power generators and heat exchangers and petroleum refining components due to its excellent characteristics. However, the workability of this alloy is more difficult compared to normal steels or even stainless. In present work, an experimen...

The resonant-mass technique for the detection of Gravitational Waves may involve, in the near future, the cooling of very large masses (about 100 tons) from room temperature (300K) to extreme cryogenic temperatures (20mK). To cool these detectors down to cryogenic temperatures an exchange gas (helium) is used, and the heat is removed from the antenna to the cold reservoir by thermal conduction ...

Heatstroke is the most severe form of the heatrelated illnesses and is caused by an excessive rise in deep body temperature due to thermoregulatory failure. It is characterized primarily by hyperthermia usually with core temperature above 40.6o C (105o F), central nervous system dysfunction, metabolic derangement and coma. Heat stroke is the least common but most serious form of heat disorder. ...