background: alkaptonuria (aku) or ochronosis is a rare progressive degenerative arthropathy that results from deficiency of enzyme homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase (hgd). the features include arthritis of the spine and in larger peripheral joints, with chondrocalcinosis. in this paper, we present a case of alkaptonuria in a 54 year old woman in tehran, iran. case presentation: a 54 year old woman ...

background & aim: the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the pain of patients with spondylolisthesis who had undergone either of the surgery techniques: posterolateral fusion (plf) or posterior lumbar interbody fusion (plif). methods & materials/patients: in a prospective observational study, 102 surgical candidates with low grade degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis were e...