Reference scanners are used in dental medicine to verify a lot of procedures. The main interest is to verify impression methods as they serve as a base for dental restorations. The current limitation of many reference scanners is the lack of accuracy scanning large objects like full dental arches, or the limited possibility to assess detailed tooth surfaces. A new reference scanner, based on fo...

background: there is no conclusive evidence on the effect of orthodontic force application on dental pulp tissue. the aim of this study was to compare early and delayed histological effects of intrusive forces on dental pulp of adolescents and adults. materials and methods: patients referred to the department of orthodontics of mashhad university of medical sciences participated in this study. ...

The present study aimed at assesssing – by clinical, histological and radiological investigations – the influence of some external factors on the pulp-dentin complex, and at providing a causal interpretation of the structural changes observed. Materials and methods. Clinical and radiological exams were performed on 65 old patients with ages between 60-75, and also on 40 young patients with ages...

statement of problem: some vertical changes might be observed during the first stage of orthodontic treatment, aligning and leveling. purpose: the aim of this study was to evaluate dental and/or skeletal vertical changes occurring in the first stage of preadjusted orthodontic treatment. materials and methods: fourteen patients with an average age of 14.1 years were selected for this study. prea...

In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn argued that a scientific revolution takes place as the result of an episode of noncumulative changes where one paradigm is replaced in whole or in part. Kuhn observed that the process of a scientific revolution begins with an existing paradigm, during which normal science is performed. Eventually, an increase in anomaly leads to a...

PURPOSE The purpose of these examinations was to monitor changes, in the prevalence of dental fluorosis. METHODS In February 1992 and December 1994, children who were residents of one of three communities with varying levels of fluoride in their communal water supply were examined for dental fluorosis. Since some children were available at both examination periods, it was also possible to det...

Longitudinal change in five cognitive abilities was investigated to determine if the direction or magnitude of change was related to the individual's ability level. Adults between 18 and 97 years of age performed three versions of 16 cognitive tests on two occasions separated by an average of 2.7 years. In order to control for influences associated with regression toward the mean, level of abil...

Assessing cognitive change in older adults is a common use of neuropsychological services, and neuropsychologists have utilized several strategies to determine if a change is "real," "reliable," and "meaningful." Although standardized regression-based (SRB) prediction formulas may be useful in determining change, SRBs have not been widely applied to older adults. The current study sought to dev...

It is widely recognized that experience with cognitive tests can influence estimates of cognitive change. Prior research has estimated experience effects at the level of groups by comparing the performance of a group of participants tested for the second time with the performance of a different group of participants at the same age tested for the first time. This twice-minus-once-tested method ...