a recent study indicates that the incidence of smoking cessation varies with age. although nicotine dependence (nd) has been regarded as one of the most significant barriers of successful smoking cessation, few researches have focused on the relationship between nicotine dependence and age.a cross-sectional study (conducted in 2013) with 596 chinese rural male current smokers was performed to s...

objectives: dependence and tolerance are major restricting factors in the clinical use of opioid analgesics. in the present study, the effects of thymoquinone, the major constituent of nigella sativa seeds, on morphine dependence and tolerance were investigated in mice. materials and methods: male adult nmri mice were made tolerant and dependent by repeated injections of morphine (50, 50, and 7...

aim: the purpose of this study was to compare the attention bias about tempting incentives related to opium materials in treated, addicted and normal people. duration of consumption and treating were also considered. method: in this causal-comparative study population was all addicted people who were referred to the rehabilitation offices, addiction treatment clinic, rebirthing centers and narc...

background: the effects of opium dependence on prognosis and short term outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction (ami) are not clear yet. methods: from march 2004 to august 2004 all male patients admitted with diagnosis of ami were enrolled. patients who fulfilled dsm- iv-tr criteria were chosen as opium dependent patients (odp). demographic data, risk factors, peak enzyme levels, l...

Philosophers on all sides of the contextualism debates have had an overly narrow conception of what semantic context sensitivity could be. They have conflated context sensitivity (dependence of truth or extension on features of context) with indexicality (dependence of content on features of context). As a result of this conflation, proponents of contextualism have taken arguments that establis...

Information security is important in proportion to an organization’s dependence on information technology. Security of a computer based information system should protect the Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA) aspects of the system. With the increasing dependence of business processes on information technology, the number of attacks against CIA aspects have increased manifold. Sin...

The article discusses the twists and turns of history formulation inertia principle classical mechanics their dependence on theological concepts time. points view movement Aristotle, authors late scholasticism, Galileo, Descartes Newton are subject to discussion. fundamental also compared with tradition Protestant theology.

Despite extensive literature consisting of many excellent academic and practical papers, there are still many commonly heard fallacies in practice such as: “To aggregate risks, all I need are correlations”. “I assume dependence/independence, hence there is no copula”. “I need to use a Variance-Covariance approach with tail-end correlations to capture fat tails and tail dependence”. “The mere ex...

This research examines the ways electronic data interchange (EDI) is used to coordinate and control interorganizational activities and resource transactions between car manufacturers and suppliers. The objective is to deveIop a research framework with a solid theoretical base that will be capable of capturing the richness of changing interorganizational relationships. To this end, the paper dis...

We present a framework for studying the concept of independence in a general context covering database theory, algebra and model theory as special cases. We show that well-known axioms and rules of independence for making inferences concerning basic atomic independence statements are complete with respect to a variety of semantics. Our results show that the uses of independence concepts in as d...