1.INTRODUCTION General anesthesia can be dened as a drug-mediated reversible depression of the central nervous system resulting in the absence of response to and lack of perception of all external stimuli. The various components of anesthesia include unconsciousness, analgesia, amnesia, immobility, and suppression of autonomic responses to noxious stimulation.Consciousness is a complex state t...

Introduction Anesthesia is known to decrease the strength of fMRI responses in the cortex. The degree of loss of activation depends on the type of anesthesia, the depth of anesthesia and the area of the brain, and primary sensory areas are thought to be less affected than areas higher in the cortical pathway. Here we compared the fMRI responses of awake and anesthetized monkeys to the same movi...

The common marmoset has been increasingly used for research in the biomedical field; however, there is little information available regarding effective methods of anesthesia in this species. This study retrospectively analyzed 2 regimens of anesthesia induction: intramuscular injection of ketamine followed by inhalation of 5% sevoflurane, and intramuscular injection of midazolam, butorphanol an...

 Abstract Objective: To investigate the anesthesia-postoperative awakening time (AT) of hepatitis- related cirrhosis patients and their relations to grading scores, portal venous pressure (PVP), prealbumin (PA), and age, to predict postoperative AT and provide a basis for adjustment of anesthetic doses during operation. Methods: Atotal of 71 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and hypersplenism at ...

High-risk surgery represents 12.5% of cases but contributes 80% of deaths in the elderly population. Reduction in morbidity and mortality by the use of intervention strategies could result in thousands of lives being saved and savings of up to £400m per annum in the UK. This has resulted in the drive towards goal-directed therapy and intraoperative flow optimization of high-risk surgical patien...

OBJECTIVE The excision of laryngeal papillomas poses a great challenge for both the anesthesiologist and the surgeon. The narrowness of the airways and the great variability of the pathological lesions necessitate close collaboration between the surgical and anesthesia teams to provide optimal operating conditions and ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Our aim was to explore periopera...

Consciousness is subjective experience. During both sleep and anesthesia, consciousness is common, evidenced by dreaming. A defining feature of dreaming is that, while conscious, we do not experience our environment; we are disconnected. Besides inducing behavioral unresponsiveness, a key goal of anesthesia is to prevent the experience of surgery (connected consciousness), by inducing either un...

background : hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine has been shown to reduce bispectral index (bis) during spinal anesthesia. the aim of this study was to compare the effect of isobaric bupivacaine and hyperbaric bupivacaine on the bis during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. methods : in this double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, 84 pregnant women with asa ( american society o...

Neuropeptides are critical signaling molecules, involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes including energy metabolism, pain perception and brain cognitive state. Prolonged general anesthesia has an impact on many of these processes, but the regulation of peptides by general anesthetics is poorly understood. In this study, we present an in-depth characterization of the hypoth...