CONTEXT The multiple mini-interview (MMI) was initially designed to test non-cognitive characteristics related to professionalism in entry-level students. However, it may be testing cognitive reasoning skills. Candidates to medical and dental schools come from diverse backgrounds and it is important for the validity and fairness of the MMI that these background factors do not impact on their sc...

We provide a tutorial on differential item functioning (DIF) analysis, an analytic method useful for identifying potentially biased items in assessments. After explaining a number of methodological approaches, we test for gender bias in two scenarios that demonstrate why DIF analysis is crucial for developing assessments, particularly because simply comparing two groups' total scores can lead t...

This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of INAP-L instrument by applying Rasch model. The evaluation includes item calibration and differential functioning (DIF) assessment. Participants in this were 6153 high school students (2326 boys 3827 girls) aged 14-19 years (mean age = 15.76, SD 0.78) from 280 schools spread across 34 provinces Indonesia. results model analysis show tha...

Abstract We investigated the potential impact of differential item functioning (DIF) on group-level mean and standard deviation estimates using empirical simulated data in context large-scale assessment. For investigation, PISA 2018 cognitive domains (Reading, Mathematics, Science) were analyzed Jackknife sampling to explore DIF country scores their errors. found that countries have a large num...

INTRODUCTION In Europe it is common for outcome measures to be translated for use in other languages. This adaptation may be complicated by culturally specific approaches to certain tasks; for example, bathing. In this context the issue of cross-cultural validity becomes paramount. OBJECTIVE To facilitate the pooling of data in international studies, a project set out to evaluate the cross-cu...

As part of test score validity, differential item functioning (DIF) is a quantitative characteristic used to evaluate potential item bias. In applications where a small number of examinees take a test, statistical power of DIF detection methods may be affected. Researchers have proposed modifications to DIF detection methods to account for small focal group examinee sizes for the case when item...

BACKGROUND Comparisons of population health status using self-report measures such as the SF-36 rest on the assumption that the measured items have a common interpretation across sub-groups. However, self-report measures may be sensitive to differential item functioning (DIF), which occurs when sub-groups with the same underlying health status have a different probability of item response. This...

Previous methodological and applied studies that used binary logistic regression (LR) for detection of differential item functioning (DIF) in dichotomously scored items either did not report an effect size or did not employ several useful measures of DIF magnitude derived from the LR model. Equations are provided for these effect size indices. Using two large data sets, the authors demonstrate ...

This paper discusses the issue of differential item functioning (DIF) in international surveys. DIF is likely to occur in international surveys. What is needed is a statistical approach that takes DIF into account, while at the same time allowing for meaningful comparisons between countries. Some existing approaches are discussed and an alternative is provided. The core of this alternative appr...

The human ability for self-consciousness—the capacity to reflect on oneself and think about one’s thoughts, experiences, actions—is central understanding personality motivation. present research examined the psychometric properties of Self-reflection Insight Scale (SRIS), a prominent self-report scale measuring individual differences in private self-consciousness. Using tools from Rasch item re...