Digital libraries can be regarded as virtual spaces in which collaborative scholarly research can be conducted. Floristic digital libraries provide such collaboration spaces for scientists working on solutions for Earth’s biodiversity problems. However, group awareness and collaboration are not easily achieved in an increasingly distributed environment such as the virtual space in which digital...

Since even before the time of Alexander Graham Bell’s revolutionary invention, engineers and scientists have studied the phenomenon of speech communication with an eye on creating more efficient and effective systems of human-to-human and human-to-machine communication. Starting in the 1960s, digital signal processing (DSP), assumed a central role in speech studies, and today DSP is the key to ...

For the future of optical communication systems, Digital signal processing (DSP) is an enabling technology. This system is the most promising widely viewed in the next generation for long-haul transport systems. In past, the digital carrier phase estimation demonstration in coherent receivers has stimulated an extensive attention in coherent optical communications again. In this paper, the emer...