ConspectusIn biological systems, the storage and transfer of genetic information rely on sequence-controlled nucleic acids such as DNA RNA. It has been realized for quite some time that this property is not only crucial life but could also be very useful in human applications. For instance, actively investigated a digital medium over past decade. Indeed, “hard-disk life” an obvious choice highl...

electrical resistivity survey is used to explore subsurface layers in hydrology, geology, mining, geotechnical and environmental investigations. the resistivity measurements are normally made by injecting current into the ground through two current electrodes, and measuring the resulting voltage difference at two potential electrodes. electrical resistivity is a function of injection current, m...

for a determination of soil characteristics one should have access to instruments that can measure these characteristics, including: soil penetration resistance with high accuracy. one of the accurate instruments commonly employed in soil penetration determinations is cone penetrometer. this apparatus, by measuring soil cone index at different soil depths can provide useful about information ab...