The analysis of real-world emissions is necessary to reduce the vehicles during on-road driving. In this paper, matrix gasoline direct injection passenger cars applied analyze emissions. results show that high acceleration and speed conditions are major for particulate number emissions, positively correlated with torque throttle opening. catalyst temperature saturation important factors affect ...

Gasoline compression ignition in diesel engines has been proposed order to meet increasingly stringent emission regulations without sacrificing efficiency. In this study, a six-cylinder heavy-duty engine was operated mixing controlled gasoline mode investigate the influence of fuels and injection strategies on combustion characteristics, emissions, thermal efficiencies. Fuels, including ethanol...

A reversed gas feed configuration for Hall thrusters is proposed and studied numerically. As an alternative to standard direct injection, we investigate the effect of injecting propellant near channel exit directing it backwards, towards anode. The resulting neutral density average velocity fields are with Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method both cold warm anode conditions. residence time part...