Precipitation is a key aspect of the climate system. In this paper, the dependability of five satellite precipitation products (TRMM [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission] 3BV42, PERSIANN [Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks] CDR, GSMaP [Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation] RENALYSIS, CMORPH [Climate Prediction Center’s morphing techni...

[1] The assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique utilizes a wide range of electrodynamics measurements to determine high-latitude maps of the electric potential, electron particle precipitation (average energy and total energy flux), and ionospheric conductance (Hall and Pedersen). AMIE does this by conducting a least squares fit to the difference between the data an...

due to deep, complex and everlasting interaction between precipitation and climatic elements-factors, there are changes and varieties in both time and space dimensions. so that climate experts and related scientists take their attentions to this phenomenon. an approach to do this kind of investigations is to describe spatial variations based on spatial statistics. in this paper the main object ...

A method is shown that transforms the problem of inverting an ill-conditioned matrix to one of inverting a diagonally dominant matrix. An error analysis is outlined and the method is compared in theory and in result with the commonly used iterative methods. This direct method is demonstrated to be the limiting case of an nth-order iterative procedure as n approaches infinity. Examples are given...

Article Direct cholangioscopy has been possible since the 1970’s (1) but reliable intubation of the common bile duct (CBD) and second order ducts has limited the applicability of the technique. One of the limitations to accessing the ducts is the acute angulation between the duodenum and the CBD (2). Various methods have been employed to access the ducts including mother-and-baby endoscopes and...