Utilizing a ray tracing approach based upon Snell’s optical laws and a 4×4 homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix, this study conducts a systematic analysis of the errors induced in the paths of skew rays as they pass through an optical element with an ellipsoid boundary surface. The error analysis performed in this study considers two principal sources of light path error, namely (1) tra...

The directional hypercube (Dcube) which is a cost-effective variation of the traditional binary hypercube is introduced and analyzed in this paper. It employs directional (simple duplex) links only. The Dcube is defined and its key properties are derived including diameter, bandwidth, and connectivity. The diameter is at most 2 greater than that for a hypercube of the same size; the bandwidth i...

A N I M A L breeders often select the extreme individuals in a population. This may conflict with natural selection for reproductive fitness. For example, chickens with intermediate body weights and egg weights usually have the highest hatchability. LATTER and ROBERTSON ( 1962) hypothesized that the decline in fitness with selection for a metric trait is a consequence of gene frequency changes ...

The task of planning trajectories plays an important role in transportation, robotics, information systems (sending messages), etc. In robot motion planning, the robot should pass around obstacles from a given starting position to a given target position, touching none of them, i.e. the goal is to find a collision-free path from the starting to the target position. Research on path planning has...

Numerous studies suggest that the transition from Australopithecus to Homo was characterized by evolutionary innovation, resulting in the emergence and coexistence of a diversity of forms. However, the evolutionary processes necessary to drive such a transition have not been examined. Here, we apply statistical tests developed from quantitative evolutionary theory to assess whether morphologica...

xml query languages use directional path expressions to locate data in an xml data collection. They are tightly coupled to the structure of a data collection, and can fail when evaluated on the same data in a different structure. This paper extends path expressions with a new non-directional axis called the rank-distance axis. Given a context node and two parameters, α and β , the rank-distance...

The Combination of path planning and path following is the main purpose of this paper. This paper describes the developed practical approach to motion control of the MRL small size robots. An intelligent controller is applied to control omni-directional robots motion in simulation and real environment respectively. The Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC), based on LQR...