Three patients with ventriculoarterial concordance and an abnormal atrioventricular connexion were investigated. One patient had total anomalous pulmonary venous connexion to a left vertical vein. In 1972 this was repaired and a ventricular septal defect was closed, but the presence of atrioventricular discordance was missed and the patient died. In the other two patients, Mustard's operation r...

Neurological involvement is common in patients infected with HIV. The effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs in lowering the levels of HIV-RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is limited by their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Discordance in CSF/plasma HIV-RNA levels may have a bearing on the progression of neurological disease in these patients. We report a woman with subacute neurocog...

Monozygotic (MZ) twins have been used for decades in genetic-epidemiological studies to tease out the relative contributions of genes and the environment to a trait. Phenotypic discordance in MZ twins has traditionally been ascribed to non-shared environmental factors acting after birth, however recent data shows this explanation as being far too simple. We review here other reasons for discord...

13 Prior studies of mitochondrial genomic variation reveal that the Japanese brown frog Rana 14 tagoi comprises a complex of cryptic species lineages, and that R. sakuraii arose from within 15 this complex. Neither species forms a monophyletic group on the mitochondrial haplotype tree, 16 precluding a simple explanation for the evolutionary origins of R. sakuraii. We present a more 17 complete ...

Background: Discordance has always been a bane in the efforts to stop spread of HIV within population as it creates gap through which re-infection occurs. Knowing demographics associated with discordance will help fight against AIDS transmission. Objectives: The study was conducted assess demographic and social factors among HIV- infected couples. Methods: A total 158 couples 317 individuals we...

Three pedigrees were identified in which mitral valve prolapse seemed to be inherited as a mendelian autosomal dominant trait. The segregation of the genes encoding the major fibrillar collagens present in valve tissue, collagens I and III, was analysed by use of restriction enzyme site variants as genetic markers. In one pedigree there was discordance between the segregation of the disease and...

Delayed diagnosis of drug resistance has been a major obstacle to proper management and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Expanded access to rapid molecular diagnostics such as Xpert MTB/RIF has been helpful, but has generated confusion about how to interpret genotype-phenotype discordance. Optimal management is not clearly defined for patients with rifampin resistance by Xpert MTB/R...