The goals of automated biosurveillance systems are to detect disease outbreaks early, while exhibiting few false positives. Evaluation measures currently exist to estimate the expected detection time of biosurveillance systems. Researchers also have developed models that estimate clinician detection of cases of outbreak diseases, which is a process known as clinical case finding. However, littl...

background: the postoperative shivering is one of the common complications of anesthesia after surgery and in the recovery room, which can cause the increased systemic blood pressure, oxygen consumption, heart rate and the cardiac arrhythmias among patients. due to the variety of drugs used in general anesthesia, and necessity of choosing the effective intravenous and the inhaled drugs to reduc...

background: the number of reported cases, infected with carbepenem resistant acinetobacter baumannii (crab) and multi-drug resistant (mdr) acinetobacter species had gradually increased in most pla general hospital wards from april to june in 2007. objectives: we have described the investigation of an outbreak of crab and mdr acinetobacter in pla general hospital, beijing. the prospective and re...

Four weeks have passed from the first reported case of covid-19 in Iran. During the past month, thousands of patients ran to emergency departments (EDs) due to respiratory complaints. From the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, EDs have become particular units for admitting patients with respiratory complaints. The question is “what happens to other routine patients of ED?”

In May 2011, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of a Chinese county found a rapid increase in the number of hepatitis A case notification; these were traced to an outbreak in an elementary school. Twenty-eight cases aged between 7 and 13 years with onset between 7 May and 8 June were serologically confirmed. Network method was conducted to reconstruct an outbreak network and to quant...

Clonal VGII subtypes (outbreak strains) of Cryptococcus gattii have caused an outbreak in the US Pacific Northwest since 2004. Outbreak-associated infections occur equally in male and female patients (median age 56 years) and usually cause pulmonary disease in persons with underlying medical conditions. Since 2009, a total of 25 C. gattii infections, 23 (92%) caused by non-outbreak strain C. ga...

The 1st field outbreak of vermeersiekte induced by Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. burkei var. hirtella Merxm, is reported. It is also the first recorded outbreak of this disease in the arid sweet bushveld of the Northern Province of South Africa. The toxicosis was experimentally reproduced in a sheep following daily intraruminal administration of 2.5-5.0 g/kg dried, milled plant material for 18 c...

Fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP), a genotyping technique with phylogenetic significance, was applied to 123 isolates of Neisseria meningitidis. Nine of these were from an outbreak in a British university; 9 were from a recent outbreak in Pontypridd, Glamorgan; 15 were from sporadic cases of meningococcal disease; 26 were from the National Collection of Type Cultures; 5...

The current Ebola virus outbreak has highlighted the uncertainties surrounding many aspects of Ebola virus virology, including routes of transmission. The scientific community played a leading role during the outbreak-potentially, the largest of its kind-as many of the questions surrounding ebolaviruses have only been interrogated in the laboratory. Scientists provided an invaluable resource fo...

There are two principal impediments in statistical process control methods for the detection of bio-terrorism events: firstly, these methods aggregate over space by examining total counts and thus ignore the spatial dimension of the task and secondly they fail to adjust for the usual (seasonal) behaviour of diseases (e.g., Steiner et al., 2011 where the focus is early detection of the start of ...